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HigherBiologyUnit3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the action spectrum measure in plants. | Shows photosynthesis from each wavelength |
| What does the absorption spectrum measure? | Shows which wavelengths of light are absorbed for each pigment |
| What happens to RuBP concentration when CO2 availability is decreased? | Can’t convert into G3P - decreases |
| What results in electrons transferring down the electron transfer chain during the light dependant reactions of photosynthesis? | Pigments absorb energy |
| What happens to GP concentration when CO2 availability is decreased? | Builds up - increases |
| Describe the effect of absorbed light energy on the pigment molecules | Pigment molecules become excited |
| Explain the advantage to a plant of having more than one type of photosynthetic pigment | They can absorb a larger range of wavelengths of light for photosynthesis |
| Benefits of cooperative hunting | Bigger prey Less energy lost per individual Minimises injury Shared resource so if some are unsuccessful there's still food |
| What is bioaccumulation? | Increased concentration of pesticides at each trophic level within a food chain |
| What light does chlorophyll absorb? | Red and blue |
| What do carotenoids do? | Extend the range of wavelengths of light and pass energy onto chlorophyll for photosynthesis |
| Importance of producing glucose in stage 3 of the Calvin Cycle | Respiration ATP Production Cellulose formation Starch formation |
| Importance of RuBP in stage 3 of the calvin cycle | To allow cycle to occur OR To make G3P |
| Experimental procedures used to produce GM and non GM crops | Randomisation of plots Replication Selection of treatments |
| Explanation of experimental procedure - selection of treatments | Ensure fair competition |
| Explanation of experimental procedure - replication | To take account of variability/reduce the affect of atypical results |
| Explanation of experimental procedure - randomisation of plots | Reduces/eliminates bias |
| What compound combines with hydrogen during carbon fixation (calvin cycle)? | 3-phosphoglycerate |
| Affect of absorbed light energy on pigments | Excite electrons in pigments OR Promotes electrons to higher energy state OR Produces higher energy electrons |
| Describe the role of NADPH in the calvin cycle | Passes hydrogen to form G3P |
| Uses of light energy absorbed by pigments during photosynthesis | Generate ATP OR Produce hydrogen OR Split water in photolysis OR Energy used to move hydrogen ions across membrane |
| Explain why inbreeding is unlikely in self pollinating plants | Deleterious alleles would be removed by natural selection |
| Reasons for crossbreeding | To get best characteristics OR Introduce new characteristics OR Produce hybrid vigour |
| Why could inbreeding increase the chances of hereditary conditions caused by a recessive deleterious allele | Results in inbreeding depression |
| Inbreeding depression is a result of? | Accumulation of recessive deleterious alleles OR Loss of dominant, masking heterozygous alleles |
| When cross breeding why select a male homozygous for desired dominant characteristic? | Increases chances of offspring having the desired?dominant characteristic |
| How do selective herbicides work to protect plants | Absorbed more through the leaf surface of weeds as they are wider than cereal/grasses so doesn't affect crops |
| How do systemic chemicals work to protect plants | Travels through entire plant, destroying the entire system and permanently preventing re-growth or re-generation |
| Stages of photosynthesis | Photolysis - light dependant reactions - occurs in grana Calvin cycle - light dependant reaction - occurs in stroma |
| What is meant by invasive species? | Species are naturalised and have spread rapidly and eliminated species; they may be free of natural predators or may outcompete them |
| What is meant by introduced species? | Species have been moved intentionally from one geographic location to another by humans |
| What is the bottleneck effect? | Loss of genetic variation in small populations; so that evolving responses to environmental change cannot be made |
| Term that describes altruistic behaviour towards relatives | Kin selection |
| Altruistic behaviour in worker bees | Worker bees fee the offspring of relatives because they have shared gees; the feeding helps ensure that the offspring survive |
| Advantages of cooperative hunting | Increases success rate, allows larger kills to be made, energy gained per individual is greater than whats lost while hunting |
| What is a dominance hierarchy? | Rank order of individuals in a social grouping of animals |
| Fates of glucose produced by photosynthesis | Used in respiration, converted to starch for storage, converted to cellulose to form cell walls, passed onto other biosynthetic pathways |
| Role of carotenoid pigments in photosynthesis | Extend wavelengths of light absorbed by photosynthesis and pass the trapped energy onto chlorophyll |
| Difference between the absorption spectrum of a pigment and the action spectrum of a green plant. | Absorption shows wavelengths of light absorbed by isolated pigments Action spectrum shows which wavelength of light cause most photosynthesis to occur |
| What is photosynthesis? | Production of food by green plants using energy from light |
| The action spectrum of photosynthesis is the measure of the ability of plants to? | Absorb all wavelengths of light |
| What does the term symbiosis mean? | The relationship between two different species that have coevolved over millions of years |
| Example of behaviours that could indicate poor welfare | Change in activity levels, misdirected behaviour e.g anger, failure in sexual performance and failure in parenting behaviour |
| Explain why herbicide used to control a perennial weed should be systemic | They reach and kill underground organs preventing regrowth |
| What could be sprayed onto grass to remove dandelions? | Selective herbicide |
| What are adaptations of perennial weeds? | Storage organs and vegetative reproduction |
| Term used to describe accumulation of deleterious recessive alleles | Inbreeding depression |
| Explain why chlorophyll is green | It can't absorb green light |
| Example of behaviour to reduce unnecessary conflict | Ritualistic display |
| Describe ways a parasite can be transmitted to a new host | Direct Contact Resistant Stages Vectors |
| Types of symbiosis | Parasitism & Mutualism |
| Term describing organisms which transfer parasites to host | Vector |
| Describe altruistic behaviour | Unselfish behaviour where the recipient benefits and the donor can be harmed |
| Explain kin selection | When individuals reduce their production of offspring in order to help their relatives reproduce |
| What is mutualism? | Where both animals benefit from having a relationship with one another |
| Suggest why animals in larger packs gain more energy per individual from hunting even though more animals need to be fed | Every animal gets food whereas this isn't guaranteed when hunting alone Increased hunting success Larger prey |
| Explain why pack members feed offspring which are not their own | Survival of shared genes |
| Explain advantages to worker bees of caring for the queens offspring | Survival of shared genes |
| What is a secondary host? | A host that the parasite uses for a short time but not its whole life |
| What is species richness? | Range of species in an ecosystem |
| Organism that parasite needs for survival | Host |
| Low levels of activity | Apathy |
| Why do intensive farming | High profit Low Cost |
| Habitat islands | Increases competition - food & habitat Decrease in species diversity Fewer mates |
| How are habitat islands corrected? | Habitat corridors - e.g hedge row |
| Benefit of linking habitat fragments | Can cause an increase in population numbers Increased access to more mates & food |
| Benefits of growing plants instead of livestock | Energy is lost at each tropic level There are more tropic levels in livestock |
| What is needed from stage 1 of photosynthesis in stage 2? | ATP and NADPH from stage one is used to convert 3PG into G3P |
| What is an annual weed? | Plants which complete their entire life cycle in one year e.g dandelions |
| What is a perennial weed? | Weed that live for several years, become dormant in winter |
| Why can a dandelion be confused as an annual weed? | It produces a vast number of seeds |
Created by:
kirahenry01
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