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HigherBiologyUnit2
Higher Biology Unit
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the key points of glycolysis? | Occurs in cytoplasm Doesn't require oxygen Net gain 2 ATP via phosphorylation Glucose broke down into pyruvate Hydrogen and electrons are then released and passed onto NAD forming NADH |
| Where do the three stages of aerobic respiration occur? | Glycolysis - Cytoplasm Citric Acid Cycle - Central matrix of mitochondria ETC - Inner mitochondria |
| What are the stages of aerobic respiration? | Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transfer Chain |
| What enzymes are involved in the citric acid cycle? | Coenzyme A ATP Synthase Dehydrogenase |
| Describe competitive inhibition | Can bind to active site, competing with substrate. Can be reversed by increasing substrate concentration. |
| Describe non competitive inhibition | Bind at different part of enzyme causing active site shape to change. Presence is permanent |
| An inhibitor of an enzyme - catalysed reaction can be described as competitive if? | It joins at the active site and can be changed/reversed by increasing substrate concentration |
| Advantage of many mitochondria in mammalian muscle cells | They produce ATP in aerobic respiration which is required to contract muscles |
| What stages of aerobic respiration involve phosphorylation of intermediates and generation of ATP? | Glycolysis |
| What is the role of NAD? | Pass hydrogen and electrons onto the electron transport chain |
| Role of oxygen in the electron transfer chain | Combines with hydrogen and electrons to form water |
| What is the source of energy for the ETC? | High energy electrons |
| What are the Growth Phases of micro organisms? | Lag Log Stationary Death |
| What happens in the lag phase? | Required enzymes are induced |
| What happens in the log phase? | Cells are growing at fastest possible rate |
| What happens in the stationary phase? | No numbers increase |
| What happens in the death phase? | Build up of toxic metabolites and lack of substrate kills cells |
| Describe the circulatory system of a fish | 2 chambers Single circulatory system |
| Describe the circulatory system of amphibians | 3 chambers Double incomplete circulatory system |
| Describe the circulatory system of a bird/mammal | 4 chambers Double incomplete circulatory system |
| What is a conformer? | Internal state varies with abiotic factors in the external environment |
| What is a regulator? | Internal state maintained at a constant level regardless of the abiotic factors in the external environment |
| What is thermoregulation? | Maintaining a steady internal temperature regardless of external conditions |
| Why is thermoregulation important to mammals? | To allow optimal enzyme activity and high diffusion rates to maintain metabolism |
| Compare regulators and conformers in terms of ecological niches | Regulators can exploit a wider range of ecological niches whereas conformers are restricted to a narrow range of niches |
| Name of temperature monitoring centre in the body of a mammal | Hypothalamus |
| What do regulators use to maintain homeostasis? | Negative feedback loops |
| What is vasodilation? | Arterioles open increasing blood flow close to skin, increases heat loss through radiation |
| What is vasoconstriction? | Arterioles narrow, decreases blood flow close to skin, reduces heat lost by radiation |
| Describe how muscles increase temperature | Shiver - involuntary muscle contractions generate heat in muscles |
| How does hair change temperature? | Erector muscles contract pulling hair upright trapping a layer of air - acts as an insulator If warm - erector muscle relaxes so hair is flat |
| How does sweat gland cool the body? | Warm - releases more sweat, cools body through evaporation Cold - Releases less |
| What are the key points of the citric acid cycle? | Occurs in the central matrix of mitochondria Requires oxygen Pyruvate is broken down 10 enzyme controlled reactions Hydrogen is released, then accepted Carbon dioxide removed |
| What is the definition of anabolic? | Metabolic activity that requires energy input and builds up complex molecules |
| What is the definition of catabolic? | Metabolic pathways that release energy in breakdown reactions |
| What is a metabolic pathway? | Enzyme controlled sequence of chemical reactions in cells |
| What is metabolism? | Total of all metabolic pathways in an organism |
| What is the purpose of using a control in an experiment? | To show that the independent variable is causing the result |
| Explain why the ATP produced in stage 2 of glycolysis is referred to as an energy pay off | More ATP is produced than is used |
| What is a phospholipid membrane? | Membrane of a cell made from fluid phospholipid molecules and proteins |
| What is an advantage of torpor? | Saves energy |
| What is predictive dormancy? | When an organism enters dormancy before meeting adverse conditions |
| What is hibernation? | An adaptation that allows animals to escape cold weather and food shortages over winter |
| What is daily torpor? | Period of reduced activity in a short time |
| What is aestivation? | Allows survival in periods of high temperature or drought |
| What does a respirometer measure? | Oxygen consumption |
| Why is the conversion of pyruvate to lactate required for glycolysis to continue? | Produces NAD to pick up more hydrogen ions and electrons Produces NAD which is needed for Glycolysis |
| Role of dehydrogenase enzymes in the conversion of intermediates to pyruvate | Removes hydrogen and electrons Passes them to NAD OR Turns NAD to NADH |
| Role of ATP in stage 1 of glycolysis | Gives energy to glucose OR Phosphorylates |
| Name the enzyme which carries hydrogen to the electron transfer chain | NAD |
| In terms of activation energy, how do enzymes increase the rates of reactions in living cells | Reduces activation energy |
| Things that can affect torpor frequency | Temperature OR Body Mass |
| Safety mechanism used to prevent survival of GM microorganisms in external environment | Introduce genes that prevent survival in external environments |
| Explanation of the lag phase | Enzyme induction |
| Enzyme used within recombinant DNA technology | Restriction endonuclease OR Ligase |
| Function of restriction endonuclease during recombinant DNA technology | Cuts gene out OR Cuts plasmid |
| Function of ligase during Recombinant DNA technology | Inserts gene into plasmid |
Created by:
kirahenry01
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