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Body Systems
HW #10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Angina | chest pain |
| Arteriole | the smallest kind of artery |
| Artery | A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| Atherosclerosis | hardening of the arteries |
| Atrioventricular valve | either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles |
| Atrium | upper chamber of the heart |
| Blood | Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. |
| Blood clotting | coagulation |
| Blood vessel | a tubular structure carrying blood through the tissues and organs; a vein, artery, or capillary. |
| Capillary | A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells. |
| Cardiac cycle | A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles |
| Cardiac muscle | Muscle of the heart |
| Closed circulatory system | A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels |
| Erythrocyte | red blood cell |
| Erythropoietin | A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. |
| Fibrin | protein that forms the basis of a blood clot |
| Fibrinogen | plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process |
| Heart | A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. |
| Heart attack | a condition in which blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing heart cells to die |
| Hemocoel | The primary body cavity of most invertebrates, containing circulatory fluid |
| Hypertension | high blood pressure |
| Interstitial fluid | fluid between cells |
| Leukocyte | white blood cell |
| Lymph | watery fluid |
| Lymphatic system | Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection. |
| Lymph node | a small knob of tissue in the lymphatic system that filters lymph, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms that cause disease |
| Lymphocyte | A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections |
| Macrophage | large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body |
| Open circulatory system | A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood |
| Pacemaker | A device that delivers electrical impulses to the heart to regulate the heartbeat |
| Plaque | A deposit of fatty material on the inner lining of an arterial wall |
| Plasma | Liquid part of blood |
| Platelet | small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process |
| Precapillary sphincter | band of smooth muscle that adjusts the blood flow into each capillary |
| Purkinje fibers | fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract |
| Semilunar valve | a valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle |
| Sinoatrial (SA) node | the pacemaker; highly specialized, neurological tissue impeded in the wall of the right atrium; responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node |
| Spleen | Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells |
| Stroke | Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply. |
| Thrombin | converts fibrinogen to fibrin |
| Thymus | Gland in the thoracic cavity above the heart where T lymphocytes mature. |
| Tonsil | mass of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat at the back of the tongue |
| Vein | A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart. |
| Ventricle | lower chamber of the heart |
| Venule | the smallest kind of vein |
| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | A disorder in which the immune system is gradually weakened and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). |
| Allergy | abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen |
| Antibody | A protein that acts against a specific antigen |
| Antigen | substance that triggers an immune response |
| Autoimmune Disease | a disease in which the immune system attacks the organism's own cells |
| B Cell | A lymphocyte that produces proteins that help destroy pathogens. |
| Cancer | any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division |
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells |
| Clonal Selection | antigens bind to specific receptors, causing a fraction of lymphocytes to clone themselves |
| Complement System | proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target |
| Constant Region | portion of an antibody molecule that is not variable and participates in the binding of other immune modulators |
| Cytokine | chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells |
| Cytotoxic T Cell | A type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells as well as certain cancer cells and transplanted cells. |
| Fever | a rise in the temperature of the body |
| Helper T Cell | lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells |
| Histamine | Chemical stored in mast cells that triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries. |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, which damages the cells in the body's immune system so that the body is unable to fight infection or certain cancers. |
| Humoral Immunity | specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids |
| Immune Response | The body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances. |
| Immune System | A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response |
| Inflammatory Response | a reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection |
| Leukocyte | white blood cells |
| Lymphocyte | lymph cell |
| Macrophage | large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body |
| Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) | Group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances. |
| Mast Cell | Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation. |
| Memory B Cell | A B cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen |
| Memory T Cell | remembers pathogens and makes more T cells when infected |
| Microbe | microscopic life form; microorganism; germ |
| Natural Killer Cell | immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells |
| Neutrophil | A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. |
| Parasite | an organism that lives in or on another organism; one who lives off another person |
| Pathogen | A disease causing agent |
| Phagocyte | A white blood cell that destroys pathogens by engulfing them and breaking them down |
| Plasma Cell | A white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody |
| Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) | a disorder in which no immune cells, or very few, are formed; the immune system is incapable of responding properly to invading disease organisms, and the individual is very vulnerable to common infections |
| T Cell | Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body. |
| T-Cell Receptor | Antigen receptors on a T cell. Unlike antibodies, T cell receptors are never produced in a secreted form. |
| Tumor | A mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably. |
| Vaccination | injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity |
| Variable Region | That region of antibodies that varies from one antibody to another even within one class |
| Alveoli | tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood |
| Bronchi | The passages that direct air into the lungs |
| Bronchiole | Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli. |
| bulk flow | The movement of a fluid due to a difference in pressure between two locations. |
| conducting portion | nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles |
| countercurrent exchange | the opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss. |
| Diaphragm | Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing |
| Exhalation | The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs. |
| gas-exchange portion | the portion of the respiratory system in lung-breathing vertebrates where gas is exchanged in the alveoli of the lungs |
| Gill | An organ that removes oxygen from water |
| Hemoglobin | An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen. |
| Inhalation | the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward |
| Larynx | voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords |
| Lung | Main organs of the respiratory system; An organ found in air-breathing vertebrates that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood |
| Pharynx | the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus. |
| respiratory center | the area of medulla that regulates the rate of breathing |
| Spiracle | the external opening of the trachea in insects |
| tracheae (in birds/mammals) | A flexible tube whose walls are reinforced with semicircular bands of stiff cartilage |
| tracheae (in insects) | Elaborately branching internal tubes |
| vocal cords | Folds of connective tissue that stretch across the opening of the larynx and produce a person's voice. |
| Ammonia | A small, very toxic molecule (NH3) produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism. |
| Angiotensin | a peptide hormone that constricts blood vessels, causes the retention of sodium and water, and produces thirst and a salt appetite |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles. |
| Bladder | Elastic, hollow, muscular organ that provides temporary storage for urine. |
| Bowman's Capsule | A cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine; A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac |
| Collecting Duct | the location in the kidney where processed filtrate, called urine, is collected from the renal tubules |
| Erythropoietin | A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. |
| Excretion | Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body |
| Filtrate | liquid that has passed through a filter |
| Filtration | A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles. |
| Glomerulus | A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. |
| Hemodialysis | the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood |
| Homeostasis | A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
| Interstitial Fluid | fluid between cells |
| Kidneys | Filter blood from the renal arteries and produce urine as waste |
| Loop of Henle | section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine |
| Malpighian Tubules | tubules that excrete metabolic wastes into the hindgut in arthropods |
| Nephridiopore | External opening on each somite from which wastes are secreted |
| Nephridium | excretory organ of an annelid that filters fluid in the coelom |
| Nephron | functional unit of the kidney |
| Nephrostome | the funnel-shaped opening of the nephridium of some invertebrates such as earthworms; coelomic fluid is drawn into the nephrostome for filtration |
| Osmolarity | total concentration of all solute particles in a solution |
| Osmoregulation | The control of water balance. |
| Protonephridium | an excretory system, such as the flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubules lacking internal openings |
| Renal Artery | blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney |
| Renal Cortex | outer region of the kidney |
| Renal Medulla | inner portion of the kidney |
| Renal Pelvis | central collecting region in the kidney |
| Renal Vein | blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart |
| Renin | hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) |
| Tubular Reabsorption | process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood |
| Tubular Secretion | selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts |
| Tubules | The tiny tubes where sperm are made. These are located in the testes. |
| Urea | major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine |
| Ureter | A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder. |
| Urethra | tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
| Uric Acid | nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine |
| Urinary System | Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. |
| Urine | A watery fluid produced by the kidneys that contains urea and other wastes |
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zoe_szeto17
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