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Unit 7
AP Biology Unit 7 Vocabulary - Catiis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution (7.1) | Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation. |
| Evolutionary Fitness (7.1) | How well a species is able to survive and reproduce in its environment. |
| Selective Pressure (7.1) | Any reason for organisms with certain phenotypes to have either a survival benefit or disadvantage. |
| Adaptive Radiation (7.10) | The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches. |
| Biological Species Concept (7.10) | A group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
| Divergent Evolution (7.10) | The accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, leading to speciation. |
| Gradualism (7.10) | Hypothesis that evolution proceeds chiefly by the accumulation of gradual changes |
| Punctuated Equilibrium (7.10) | The hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change. |
| Reproductive Isolation (7.10) | The inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to a geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences. |
| Speciation (7.10) | The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. |
| Ecosystems (7.11) | A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. |
| Extinction (7.11) | The termination of a kind of organism or of a taxon, usually a species. |
| Niche (7.11) | A position/role taken by a particular kind of organism within its community. Such a position may be occupied by different organisms in different localitie. |
| Species Diversity (7.11) | The number of species and abundance of each species that live in a particular location. |
| Convergent Evolution (7.3) | The process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. |
| Bottleneck Effect (7.4) | A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts or human activities such as specicide and human population planning. |
| Founder Effect (7.4) | The reduced genetic diversity which results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors. |
| Genetic Drift (7.4) | Variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce. |
| Mutation (7.4) | An alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA. |
| Population (7.4) | A group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area. |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (7.5) | States that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. |
| Migration (7.5) | The movement from one region or place of habitat to another. |
| Null Hypothesis (7.5) | The hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error. |
| Fossil (7.6) | The remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. |
| Isotope (7.6) | Different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. |
| Morphology (7.6) | The branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures. |
| Vestigial Structure (7.6) | Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor. |
| Cladogram (7.9) | A branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species. |
| Lineage (7.9) | A sequence of species each of which is considered to have evolved from its predecessor. |
| Molecular Clock (7.9) | The average rate at which a species' genome accumulates mutations, used to measure their evolutionary divergence and in other calculations. |
| Out-Group (7.9) | A group of organisms not belonging to the group whose evolutionary relationships are being investigated. |
| Phylogenetic Tree (7.9) | a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. |
| Phylogeny (7.9) | A part of systematics that addresses the inference of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms. |
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e.catiis
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