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Ap bio 8 notes
bio unit 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolutionary Fitness | Evolutionary Fitness- is how well a species is able to survive and reproduce in its environment. |
| Natural Selection | Natural Selection- the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. |
| Selective Pressure | Selective Pressure- is any reason for organisms with certain phenotypes to have either a survival benefit or disadvantage. |
| Adaptive Radiation | Adaptive Radiation- the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches. |
| Biological Species Concept | Biological Species Concept- a species taxon as a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
| Divergent Evolution | Divergent Evolution- the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, leading to speciation. . |
| Gradualism | Gradualism- a policy of gradual reform rather than sudden change or revolution. |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | Punctuated Equilibrium- the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change. |
| Reproductive Isolation | Reproductive Isolation- are a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation. |
| Speciation | Speciation- the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. |
| Ecosystems | ecosystem- a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. |
| Extinction | Extinction- is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. |
| Niche | Niche- the match of a species to a specific environmental condition. |
| Species Diversity | Species Diversity- the number of species and abundance of each species that live in a particular location |
| RNA World Hypothesis | RNA World Hypothesis- suggests that life on Earth began with a simple RNA molecule that could copy itself. |
| Convergent Evolution | Convergent Evolution- is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. |
| Bottleneck Effect | Bottleneck Effect- is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, |
| Founder Effect | Founder Effect- the reduced genetic diversity which results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors. |
| Genetic Drift | Genetic Drift- variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce. |
| Mutation | the action or process of mutating. |
| Population | population- is a number of all the organisms of the same group or species who live in a particular geographical area and are capable of interbreeding. |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium- p^2 = dominant homozygous frequency (AA) 2pq = heterozygous frequency (Aa) q^2 = recessive homozygous frequency (aa) |
| Migration | Migration- seasonal movement of animals from one region to another. |
| Null Hypothesis | Null Hypothesis- the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error. |
| Fossil | Fossil- the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. |
| Isotope | isotope- each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical |
| Morphology | Morphology- the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures. |
| Vestigial Structure | Vestigial Structure- Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor |
| Cladogram | Cladogram- a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species. |
| Lineage | Lineage- lineal descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree. |
| Molecular Clock | Molecular Clock- the average rate at which a species' genome accumulates mutations, used to measure their evolutionary divergence and in other calculations. |
| Out-Group | Out-Group- those people who do not belong to a specific in-group. |
| Phylogenetic Tree | Phylogenetic Tree- is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics |
| Phylogeny | Phylogeny- the branch of biology that deals with phylogenesis. another term for phylogenesis. |
Created by:
Selmaleal
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