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Unit 7
AP Biology Unit 7 Vocabulary- Salviejo-Camacho
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | Evolution is defined as the process of growth and development or the theory that organisms have grown and developed from past organisms. |
| Evolutionary Fitness | Evolutionary fitness is how well a species is able to survive and reproduce in its environment. |
| Natural Selection | Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways. |
| Selective Pressure | Selection pressures are external agents which affect an organism's ability to survive in a given environment. Selection pressures can be negative (decreases the occurrence of a trait) or positive (increases the proportion of a trait) |
| Adaptive Radiation | Adaptive radiation, evolution of an animal or plant group into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life. Adaptive radiations are best exemplified in closely related groups that have evolved in a relatively short time. |
| Biological Species Concept | biological species concept. states that a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed successfully with other populations. |
| Divergent Evolution | the development of dissimilar traits or features (as of body structure or behavior) in closely related populations, species, or lineages of common ancestry that typically occupy dissimilar environments or ecological niches. (finches of Galapago Islands) |
| Gradualism | the evolution of new species by gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over long periods of time also : a theory or model of evolution emphasizing this — compare punctuated equilibrium. |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | Punctuated equilibrium is a term that refers to the evolutionary changes of plants and animals in a relatively static way. |
| Reproductive Isolation | the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences. |
| Speciation | Speciation is how a new kind of plant or animal species is created. Speciation occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics. |
| Ecosystems | An ecosystem is a community of animals, plants, micro-organisms, non-living things and their shared environment. Find out about energy transfer, niches and competition in ecosystems. |
| Extinction | Extinction, in biology, the dying out or extermination of a species. |
| Niche | In ecology, the term “niche” describes the role an organism plays in a community. |
| Species Diversity | Species Diversity is simply the number and relative abundance of species found in a given biological organisation (population, ecosystem, Earth). |
| RNA World Hypothesis | The RNA world hypothesis suggests that life on Earth began with a simple RNA molecule that could copy itself (without help from other molecules) |
| Convergent Evolution | Convergent evolution is when different organisms independently evolve similar traits. |
| Bottleneck Effect | the loss of genetic variation that occurs after outside forces destroy most of a population; The few individuals left to reproduce pass their traits on to all of their offspring, which then may thrive without the competition of a large population. |
| Founder Effect | The founder effect is the reduction in genetic variation that results when a small subset of a large population is used to establish a new colony. |
| Genetic Drift | Genetic drift describes random fluctuations in the numbers of gene variants in a population. Genetic drift takes place when the occurrence of variant forms of a gene, called alleles, increases and decreases by chance over time. |
| Mutation | A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence. Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals called mutagens, or infection by viruses. |
| Population | A population is the number of organisms of the same species that live in a particular geographic area at the same time, with the capability of interbreeding. |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors. |
| Migration | Migration is a pattern of behavior in which animals travel from one habitat to another in search of food, better conditions, or reproductive needs.Jun 28, 2019 |
| Null Hypothesis | An assumption or proposition where an observed difference between two samples of a statistical population is purely accidental and not due to systematic causes. |
| Fossil | Fossils are the preserved remains, or traces of remains, of ancient organisms. Fossils are not the remains of the organism itself! They are rocks. |
| Isotope | Isotopes are different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. Some elements, such as carbon, potassium, and uranium, have naturally occurring isotopes. |
| Morphology | Morphology, in biology, the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts. |
| Vestigial Structure | Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor are called vestigial structures. |
| Cladogram | a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species. |
| Lineage | Lineages are sequences of biological entities connected by ancestry-descent relationships. A sequence containing myself, my father, and my grandfather is a lineage because it is a single, direct line of descent among organisms. |
| Molecular Clock | Molecular clocks measure the number of changes, or mutations, which accumulate in the gene sequences of different species over time. The molecular clock is useful for obtaining evolutionary information when you have little or no fossil record. |
| Out-Group | outcast; An outgroup is a lineage that falls outside the clade being studied but is closely related to that clade. |
| Phylogenetic Tree | A phylogenetic tree, also known as a phylogeny, is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor. |
| Phylogeny | Phylogeny, the history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms. |
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