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Unit 7
AP Biology Unit 7 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | Modifications the idea that live species are descendants of ancestral day ones also defined more narrowly as a change is the genetic composition of population form generation |
| Evolutionary Fitness | a species is able to survive and reproduce in its environment |
| Natural Selection | differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype |
| Selective Pressure | organisms with certain phenotypes to have either a survival benefit or disadvantage. |
| Adaptive Radiation | organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment |
| Biological Species Concept | a species taxon as a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| Divergent Evolution | accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, leading to speciation. |
| Gradualism | variation is gradual in nature and happens over time as opposed to in large steps |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change. |
| Reproductive Isolation | a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation |
| Speciation | evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species |
| Ecosystems | iving organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. |
| Extinction | is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. |
| Niche | niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition |
| Species Diversity | abundance of each species that live in a particular location |
| RNA World Hypothesis | Earth began with a simple RNA molecule that could copy itself |
| Convergent Evolution | is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time |
| Bottleneck Effect | is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease |
| Founder Effect | loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population |
| Genetic Drift | change in the frequency of an existing gene variant in a population due to random sampling of organisms. |
| Mutation | an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA |
| Population | s a number of all the organisms of the same group or species |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence |
| Migration | he large-scale movement of members of a species to a different environment. |
| Null Hypothesis | there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error. |
| Fossil | preserved remains, or traces of remains, of ancient organisms |
| Isotope | two or more types of atoms that have the same atomic number and position in the periodic table |
| Morphology | the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures. |
| Vestigial Structure | the human appendix, the pelvic bone of a snake, and the wings of flightless birds |
| Cladogram | branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species |
| Lineage | descent from an ancestor |
| Molecular Clock | technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged. |
| Out-Group | an outgroup is a more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup |
| Phylogenetic Tree | is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species |
| Phylogeny | branch of biology that deals with phylogenesis. |
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