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Unit 6
AP Biology Unit 6 Vocabulary- Navarro
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA Replication | the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule |
| Replication Fork | a structure that forms within the long helical DNA during DNA replication |
| Semiconservative | Semiconservative replication would produce two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand |
| Alternative Splicing | a process that enables a messenger RNA (mRNA) to direct synthesis of different protein variants (isoforms) that may have different cellular functions or properties |
| Exon | any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing |
| Intron | any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product |
| Splicing | a form of RNA processing in which a newly made precursor messenger RNA transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA. Introns are removed and exons are joined together |
| Template Strand | the sequence of DNA that is copied during the synthesis of mRNA. |
| Transcription | the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA |
| Codon | a sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the termination of gene translation (stop or termination codon). |
| Retrovirus | A type of virus that has RNA instead of DNA as its genetic material. |
| Translation | the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus |
| Virus | infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria |
| Cell Differentiation | the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another |
| Cell Specialization | the process by which generic cells change into specific cells meant to do certain tasks within the body. |
| Epigenetics | the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself. |
| Gene Expression | the appearance in a phenotype of a characteristic or effect attributed to a particular gene |
| Histone | any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin. |
| Operon | clusters of genes that share the same promoter and are transcribed as a single large mRNA that contains multiple structural genes or cistrons. |
| Promoter | a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind that initiate transcription of a single RNA from the DNA downstream of it |
| Transcription Factor | a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence |
| Conjugation | the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact |
| Host Cell | an animal or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal organism lives. |
| Sterility | the quality or condition of being sterile. |
| Tranduction | the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. |
| Transformation | one of several processes by which genetic material in the form of “naked” deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is transferred between microbial cells. |
| Transposition | a DNA recombination reaction that results in the translocation of a discrete DNA segment called a transposable element or transposon from a donor site to one of many nonhomologous target sites. |
| Triploidy | a rare chromosomal abnormality in which fetuses are born with an extra set of chromosomes in their cells |
| Biotechnology | the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc. |
| DNA Sequencing | the process of determining the sequence of nucleotides (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) in a piece of DNA |
| Electrophoresis | the movement of charged particles in a fluid or gel under the influence of an electric field. |
| Genetic Engineering | the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail. |
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