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Unit 7
AP Biology Unit 7 Vocabulary - Castillo
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | Evolution is the change in the genetic makeup of a population over time and is supported by multiple lines of evidence |
| Evolutionary Fitness | Evolutionary fitness refers to the ability of an organism to survive and produce fertile offspring |
| Natural Selection | Natural selection is the process by which organisms, having adaptations suited for a particular environment, have a greater chance of survival and reproduction, thereby passing the adaptations to subsequent generations |
| Selective Pressure | Selective pressures are environmental factors that cause some individuals to have greater fitness than others. |
| Adaptive Radiation | Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms from many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their communities |
| Biological Species Concept | Definition of a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups |
| Divergent Evolution | Divergent evolution is the process whereby groups from the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differences, resulting in the formation of new species. |
| Gradualism | In biology, gradualism is a theory that assumes large morphological changes in organisms occur via a number of smaller step over a number of years |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change. |
| Reproductive Isolation | the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences |
| Speciation | An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species |
| Ecosystems | All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them |
| Extinction | Extinction occurs when species are diminished because of environmental forces (habitat fragmentation, global change, natural disaster, overexploitation of species for human use) or because of evolutionary changes in their members |
| Niche | n ecology, the term “niche” describes the role an organism plays in a community. A species' niche encompasses both the physical and environmental conditions it requires (like temperature or terrain) and the interactions it has with other species |
| Species Diversity | The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community |
| RNA World Hypothesis | The RNA World Hypothesis is a concept put forth in the 1960s by Carl Woese, Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel. It proposes that earlier life forms may have used RNA alone for the storage of genetic material. |
| Convergent Evolution | The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages |
| Bottleneck Effect | When a population has a big reduction in its genetic variation, it is called the bottleneck effect. |
| Founder Effect | The founder effect is when a small number of individuals, the founders, leave a population and start a new one |
| Genetic Drift | Genetic drift happens when there are random changes in the allele frequency of a population. |
| Mutation | Random changes in DNA that create new alleles. |
| Population | A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring, |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factor |
| Migration | a regular, long distance change in location |
| Null Hypothesis | (in a statistical test) the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error. |
| Fossil | A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past |
| Isotope | One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass |
| Morphology | Morphology, in biology, the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts. |
| Vestigial Structure | A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors. |
| Cladogram | a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species. |
| Lineage | Lineages are sequences of biological entities connected by ancestry-descent relationships |
| Molecular Clock | a method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on the observation that some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates |
| Out-Group | a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied |
| Phylogenetic Tree | A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
| Phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
Created by:
victoria.castillo
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