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Unit 6

AP Biology Unit 6 Vocabulary

TermDefinition
DNA Replication DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division. The first step in DNA replication is to 'unzip' the double helix structure of the
Replication Fork The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand
Semiconservative - in regards to DNA replication Semiconservative replication describes the mechanism of DNA replication in all known cells. ... This process is known as semi-conservative replication because two copies of the original DNA molecule are produced. Each copy contains one original strand and
Alternative Splicing Alternative splicing is the process of selecting different combinations of splice sites within a messenger RNA precursor (pre-mRNA) to produce variably spliced mRNAs. These multiple mRNAs can encode proteins that vary in their sequence and activity, and y
Exon Exons are coding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are translated into protein. Exons can be separated by intervening sections of DNA that do not code for proteins, known as introns.
Intron Introns are noncoding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein. The sections of DNA (or RNA) that code for proteins are called exons.
Splicing RNA splicing is a process that removes the intervening, non-coding sequences of genes (introns) from pre-mRNA and joins the protein-coding sequences (exons) together in order to enable translation of mRNA into a protein.
Template Strand The term template strand refers to the sequence of DNA that is copied during the synthesis of mRNA.
Transcription Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). DNA safely and stably stores genetic material in the nuclei of cells as a reference, or templat
Codon Listen to pronunciation. (KOH-don) In DNA or RNA, a sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the termination of gene translation (stop or termination codon)
Retrovirus A type of virus that has RNA instead of DNA as its genetic material. It uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells' DNA. This allows many copies of the virus to be made in the host cells. The virus that causes AIDS, the h
Translation Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding
Virus Virus, infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. The name is from a Latin word meaning “slimy liquid” or “poison.
Cell Differentiation The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.
Cell Specialization Cell specialization, also known as cell differentiation, is the process by which generic cells change into specific cells meant to do certain tasks within the body. ... In adults, stem cells are specialized to replace cells that are worn out in the bone m
Epigenetics Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work. Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a
Gene Expression Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule. The cell reads the sequence of the gene in groups of three bases.
Histone A type of protein found in chromosomes. Histones bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes. Enlarge. Structure of DNA. Most DNA is found inside the nucleus of a cell, where it forms the chromosomes.
Operon Operons are clusters of genes that share the same promoter and are transcribed as a single large mRNA that contains multiple structural genes or cistrons.
Promoter Promoter sequences are DNA sequences that define where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins. Promoter sequences define the direction of transcription and indicate which DNA strand will be transcribed; this strand is known as the sense strand.
Transcription Factor Transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA. Transcription factors include a wide number of proteins, excluding RNA polymerase, that initiate and regulate the transcription of genes.
Conjugation Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. During conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the other serves as the recipient. The donor bacterium carri
Host Cell a living cell invaded by or capable of being invaded by an infectious agent (such as a bacterium or a virus) This drug integrates with the virus in a way that prevents it from attaching to host cells, and prevents viral replication of cells already infect
Sterility failing to bear or incapable of producing fruit or spores. b : failing to produce or incapable of producing offspring a sterile hybrid. c : incapable of germinating sterile spores. d of a flower : neither perfect nor pistillate
Tranduction Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another. ... In generalized transduction, the bacteriophages can pick up any portion of the host's genome. In contrast, with specialized transduction, the bacter
Transformation Transformation, in biology, one of several processes by which genetic material in the form of “naked” deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is transferred between microbial cells. Its discovery and elucidation constitutes one of the significant cornerstones of mole
Transposition Transposition, also sometimes referred to as translocation, is a process by which segments of a chromosome are relocated through the genome. Commonly, this process involves "transposable elements" [TEs] or "transposons", but can also occur with genes.
Triploidy Triploidy is a rare chromosomal abnormality in which fetuses are born with an extra set of chromosomes in their cells. One set of chromosomes has 23 chromosomes. This is called a haploid set. Two sets, or 46 chromosomes, are called a diploid set. Three se
Biotechnology At its simplest, biotechnology is technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet.
DNA Sequencing Image result for DNA Sequencing Definition in biology Sequencing DNA means determining the order of the four chemical building blocks - called "bases" - that make up the DNA molecule.
Electrophoresis Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge
Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is a technique to make many copies of a specific DNA region in vitro (in a test tube rather than an organism). ... It is routinely used in DNA cloning, medical diagnostics, and forensic analysis of DNA.
Created by: ChrisZam
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