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Chapter 16-29
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biogeography | the study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species |
| comparative morphology | Study of similarities and differences in body plans of major groups |
| evolution | how a population changes over time; can lead to speciation |
| speciation | the attainment of reproductive isolation |
| catastrophism | the doctrine that major changes in the earth's crust was the result of catastrophes rather than evolutionary processes |
| Georges Cuvier | catastrophism |
| Jean Lamarack | inheritance of acquired characteristics; think giraffe. |
| theory of uniformity | erosion and other gradual processes of change had more impact ;on Earth history than rare catastrophes. Idea that gradual, repetitive change shaped the Earth. |
| fitness | an increase in adaptation to the environment |
| Natural Selection | is an outcome of variation n traits that affect which individuals survive and reproduce in each generation. |
| Galapagos | volcanic islands far off the coast of Ecuador |
| Charles Lyell | Wrote book, Principles of Geology that Darwin read |
| Thomas Malthus | Wrote essay; argued that as population size increases, resources dwindle, and the struggle to live return to intensifies. |
| adaptation | some heritable aspect of form, function, behavior, or development that improves the odds for surviving and reproducing in a given environment |
| population | a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area |
| Species | a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring; reproductively isolated from other groups |
| gene pool | a pool of genetic resources that the individual of the population, and their offspring, share |
| qualitative differences | two or more distinct forms, or morphs. |
| two forms is... | dimorphism |
| three or more forms is... | polymorphism |
| alleles | each kind of gene in the gene pool is present in tow or more slightly different molecular forms |
| only mutation... new alleles | creates |
| allele frequencies | the abundance of certain alleles in a population |
| genetic equilibrium | a theoretical point. at this point a population jis not evolving with respect to the allele frequencies being studied. |
| microevolution | refers to small-scale changes in population allele frequencies that arise from mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift. |
| mutation rate | the probability of its mutating during or between DNA replications |
| lethal mutation | any mutation that severly changes phenotype usually causes death |
| neutral mutation | doesn't help or hurt |
| directional selection ( pesticide resistance in insects) | allele frequencies that give rise to a range of variation in phenotype tend to shift in a consistent direction. |
| natural antibiotics | toxins that some microorganisms release to kill bacterial competitiors for nutrients |
| stabilizing selection | intermediate forms of a trait in a population are favored and alleles for the extreme forms are not. |
| disruptive selection( birds with small or large beaks eating soft or hard seeds) | forms at both ends of the range of variation are favored and intermediate forms are selected against |
| sexual dimorphism (dimorphos, having two forms) | the individuals of many sexually reproducing species show a distinct male or female phenotype |
| sexual selection | a form of natural selection in whichthe genetic winners are the ones that outreproduce others of the population |
| balancing selection | two or more alleles for a trait are being maintained at frequencies above 1 percent in the population. |
| polymorphism (polymorphs-having many forms) | their persistance |
| genetic drift | a random change in allele frequencies over time, brought on by chance alone |
| sampling error | a rule of probablility, helps explain the difference |
| fixation | means only one kind of allele remains at a locus in a population |
| bottleneck | a drastic reduction in population size brought about by severe pressure or a calamity. |
| founder effect | genetic outcomes also can be unpredictable after a few individuals establish a new population |
| inbreeding | nonrandom mating among very close relatives, which share many identical alleles. |
| emigration | a population will lose alleles whenever an individual leaves it |
| immigration | the population gains alleles whenever new individuals permanently move in. |
| gene flow | a physical flow of alleles between two or more populations |
| fossilization | slow process that starts when an organism or traces ;of it become covered by volcanic ash or sediments |
| stratification | formation of sedimentary rock layers |
| lineage | one line of descent |
| radiometric dating | a way to measure the populations of a daughter isotope and the parent radioisotope of some element trapped inside a rock since the time the rock formed. |
| half-life | the time it takes for a radioisotope;s atoms to decay |
| geologic time scale | chronology of Earth history |
| the four great intervals | proterozoic, paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic |
| macroevolution | major patterns, trends, and rates of change among lineages. |
| Pangea | proposed supercontinent |
| plate tectonic theory | continental drift into a broader explanation of crustal movementws |
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dnrgrl20
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