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Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| common ancestor | the most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved |
| fossil record | a term used by paleontologists to refer to the total number of fossils that have been discovered, as well as the information derived from them |
| molecular homologies | genes shared due to common ancestry (may be studied as proteins or amino acid sequences) |
| developmental homologies | study of embryological developmentof living species that provides clues to the evolution of present-day organisms |
| natural selection | Individuals with variations in traits that are more suited to their environment will survive to produce more offspring than other individuals. The favorable traits are passed on to later generations. |
| adaptation | an inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of surviving in a particular environment |
| biodiversity | degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem |
| evolutionary mechanisms | mutation, migration (gene flow), genetic drift, and natural selection |
| genetic drift | the change in frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random or chance events. examples: bottleneck effect, founder effect |
| gene flow | the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another, through either immigration or emigration |
| mutation | a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a which alters the amino acid sequence of the protein |
| evolution | the change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by processes such as mutation, natural selection and genetic drift |
| artificial selection | Human intervention in animal or plant reproduction to ensure that certain desirable traits are represented in successive generations |
| vestigial structure | refers to an organ or part (for example, the human appendix) which is greatly reduced from the original ancestral form and is no longer functional or is of reduced or altered function |
| homology (homologous) | A state of similarity in structure and anatomical position but not necessarily in function between different organisms indicating common ancestry or evolutionary origin |
| analogy (analogous) | Structural similarity between unrelated species or organisms that do not share a common ancestor. due to convergent evolution |
| Differential Reproductive Success | individuals in a population do not have equal chances of reproducing successfully |
| variation | differences in traits (alleles) among organisms |
| heredity | alleles for traits are passed from one generation to the next |
| phylogeny | The evolutionary development and diversification of a species. Describes common ancestry. |
| convergent evolution | A kind of evolution where organisms evolve structures that have similar structures or functions in spite of their evolutionary ancestors being very dissimilar or unrelated |
| divergent evolution | The process by which an interbreeding population or species diverges into two or more descendant species, resulting in once similar or related species to become more and more dissimilar |
| geographic isolation | The physical separation of members of a population, due to geography or division of an original habitat. Interbreeding is prevented. |
| directional selection | Directional selection is a type of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype over the average or another extreme. |
| disruptive selection | Disruptive selection is a type of natural selection that selects against the average individual in a population; rare |
| stabilizing selection | type of natural selection that favors the average individuals in a population. |
| speciation | The formation of new biological species by evolutionary processes |
| species | genetically related organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring |
| fossil | the cast or impression in rock of organisms from a past geologic age |
| allele | one of two or more versions of a gene |
| allele frequency | how often an allele occurs in a population |
| founder effect | the loss of genetic variation (alleles) that accompanies the founding of a new population by a very small number of individuals |
| temporal isolation | populations prevented from breeding due to reproducing at different types of day or in different seasons |
| ecological isolation | populations prevented from breeding due to living in different habitats |
| behavioral isolation | populations prevented from breeding due to differences in mating preferences or rituals |
| mechanical isolation | populations prevented from breeding due to incompatible reproductive parts |
| endemic species | species that exist only in one geographic region. e.g. the Island Fox is endemic to the Channel Islands. |
| extinction | termination of an entire species |
| gradualism | the hypothesis that species evolve through a slow accumulation of changes |
| punctuated equilibrium | the hypothesis that evolution occurs rapidly in short periods of time, followed by long periods of little or no change |
| fitness | An organism's ability to survive, in order to reproduce, in a particular environment. |
| gene pool | all the genes available in a breeding population |
| population bottleneck | a decrease in genetic diversity due to a dramatic reduction in population, usually due to a catastrophic event |
| emigration | individuals leaving a habitat and moving to another. emigration reduces the genetic diversity of a population. |
| immigration | individuals moving into a habitat. immigration increases the genetic diversity of a population. |
| phenotype | observable characteristics of an organism |
Created by:
onceamustang
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