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Unit 7
AP Biology Unit 7 Vocabulary-Sedano
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection |
| Evolutionary Fitness | how well a species is able to survive and reproduce in its environment |
| Natural Selection | the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, Charles Darwin |
| Selective Pressure | external agents which affect an organism's ability to survive in a given environment |
| Adaptive Radiation | a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, alters biotic interactions or opens new environmental niches |
| Biological Species concept | a species taxon as a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| Divergent Evolution | he accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, leading to speciation |
| Gradualism | the hypothesis that evolution proceeds chiefly by the accumulation of gradual changes |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change. |
| Reproductive Isolation | prevent members of different species from producing offspring, or ensure that any offspring are sterile |
| Speciation | the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution |
| Ecosystems | a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment |
| Extinction | the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon) |
| Niche | the match of a species to a specific environmental condition |
| Species Diversity | defined as the number of species and abundance of each species that live in a particular location |
| RNA World Hypothesis | life on Earth began with a simple RNA molecule that could copy itself. |
| Convergent Evolution | the process in which unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments |
| Bottleneck Effect | a major event where most of a population is killed leading to less genetic variation, examples include earthquakes, droughts, fires, and etc... |
| Founder Effect | the founder effect, as the name implies, is when a small group from one population move to a different area establishing a new population leading to less genetic variation |
| Genetic Drift | the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant in a population due to random sampling of organisms |
| Mutation | a alteration in a nucleotide sequence leading to a mutation, these mutations could have no effect or change to protein being synthesized |
| Population | a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | a populations's allele and genotype frequencies are constant, unless there is some type of evolutionary force acting upon them, doesn't really apply to real life |
| Migration | a pattern of behavior in which animals travel from one habitat to another in search of food, better conditions, or reproductive needs |
| Null Hypothesis | An assumption or proposition where an observed difference between two samples of a statistical population is purely accidental and not due to systematic causes |
| Fossil | the preserved remains, or traces of remains, of ancient organisms |
| Isotope | different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons, some are unstable and these are called radioactive isotopes |
| Morphology | the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts |
| Vestigial Structure | Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor |
| Cladogram | a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species |
| Lineage | sequences of biological entities connected by ancestry-descent relationships, ex:grandfather->father->son |
| Molecular clock | a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of bio-molecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged |
| Out-Group | a group of organisms not belonging to the group whose evolutionary relationships are being investigated |
| Phylogenetic Tree | a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms |
| Phylogeny | the history of the evolution of a species or group |
Created by:
Hector23
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