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Unit 7
AP Biology Unit 7 Vocabulary - Maldonado
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | Descent with modification; the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation |
| Evolutionary Fitness | The quantitative representation of natural and sexual selection within evolutionary biology |
| Natural Selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits |
| Selective Pressure | The effect on survival of a species of the sum of all factors, physical and behavioral, inherited or environmental; especially as an inherited trait may marginally effect survival under the influence of these factors |
| Adaptive Radiation | Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms from many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their communities |
| Biological Species Concept | Definition of a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups |
| Divergent Evolution | It is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, leading to speciation |
| Gradualism | The evolution of new species by gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over long periods of time also |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | In the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis, in which a species undergoes little or no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change |
| Reproductive Isolation | The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring |
| Speciation | An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species |
| Ecosystems | All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them |
| Extinction | When species are diminished because of environmental forces or because of evolutionary changes in their members |
| Niche | The match of a species to a specific environmental condition; describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors |
| Species Diversity | The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community |
| RNA World Hypothesis | Theory that suggest that life on Earth began with a simple RNA molecule that could copy itself without help from other molecules |
| Convergent Evolution | The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages |
| Bottleneck Effect | Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions; the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population |
| Founder Effect | Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of the of the original population |
| Genetic Drift | A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequecnies from one generation to the next; effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations |
| Mutation | A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus |
| Population | A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work |
| Migration | A regular, long-distance change in location |
| Null Hypothesis | An assumption or proposition where an observed difference between two samples of a statistical population is purely accidental and not due to systematic causes |
| Fossil | A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past |
| Isotope | One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass |
| Morphology | The study of the shape, size, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts |
| Vestigial Structure | A feature of an organism that is historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors |
| Cladogram | A branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species |
| Lineage | Sequences of biological entities connected by ancestry-descent relationships |
| Molecular Clock | A method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on the observation that some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates |
| Out-Group | A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied |
| Phylogenetic Tree | A branching diagram represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
| Phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
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