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Unit 7
AP Biology Unit 7 Vocabulary - Rebancos
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral that were different from the present-day ones |
| Evolutionary Fitness | how well a species is able to survive and reproduce in its environment. Charles Darwin outlined the mechanisms of how species change, by natural selection and sexual selection. |
| Natural Selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits |
| Selective Pressure | is any reason for organisms with certain phenotypes to have either a survival benefit or disadvantage. |
| Adaptive Radiation | Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their communities |
| Biological Species Concept | Definition of a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups. |
| Divergent Evolution | is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, leading to speciation |
| Gradualism | the evolution of new species by gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over long periods of time |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | In the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis, in which a species undergoes little to no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change. |
| Reproductive Isolation | The existence of biological factors that impede members of two species from producing viable , fertile offspring |
| Ecosystems | All the ecosystems in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them |
| Extinction | is the dying out of a species. plays an important role in the evolution of life because it opens up opportunities for new species to emerge. |
| Niche | , in ecology, all of the interactions of a species with the other members of its community, including competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism. A variety of abiotic factors, such as soil type and climate, also define a species' ____ |
| Species Diversity | The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community |
| RNA World Hypothesis | suggests that life on Earth began with a simple RNA molecule that could copy itself without help from other molecules. |
| Convergent Evolution | The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages |
| Bottleneck Effect | Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population |
| Founder Effect | Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population |
| Genetic Drift | A process in which chance event cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. |
| Mutation | A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus |
| Population | A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same are and interbreed, producing fertile offspring |
| Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium | no mutation, random mating, no gene flow, infinite population size, and no selection. If the assumptions are not met for a gene, the population may evolve for that gene |
| Migration | A regular, long distance change in location |
| Null Hypothesis | hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error. |
| Fossil | A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past |
| Isotope | One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass. |
| Morphology | the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts. The term refers to the general aspects of biological form and arrangement of the parts of a plant or an animal. |
| Vestigial Structure | A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant or structure that served a function in the organisms ancestors |
| Cladogram | a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species. |
| Lineage | sequences of biological entities connected by ancestry-descent relationships |
| Molecular Clock | A method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on the observation that some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates |
| Out-group | A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied. It is selected so that its members are closely related to the group of species being studied... |
| Phylogenetic Tree | A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
| Phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
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KatrinaRebancos
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