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Variation
Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Variation | Differences between living organisms due to environmental and genetic factors |
| Discontinuous data | Fit into separate categories and caused by genetic variations |
| Continuous data | A range of possible values caused by environmental and genetic factors |
| Gene | A section of DNA that codes for a specific characteristic |
| Allele | Different versions of a gene |
| Genotypes | The combination of alleles inherited |
| Phenotypes | The characteristic resulting from the genotype |
| Genetic diagram | Shows how the alleles from parents go to offspring and the probability of getting a genotype and phenotype |
| Homozygous genotype | Both alleles are the same |
| Heterozygous genotype | Two different alleles inherited |
| Dominant allele | Controls the phenotype in a heterozygous genotype. |
| Recessive allele | Only shown in homozygous phenotypes |
| George Mendel | A monk who noticed variation between pea plants. Looked at color, seed shape and plant height and saw that characteristics reappeared in second generation. |
| Gender determination | Controlled by the 23rd Chromosome pair Two versions (not alleles) XY-Male XX- Female |
| Genetic disorders are caused by | Mutations. If they are passed on then alleles are made |
| A mutation is | A change in a base sequence caused by inaccurate DNA copying |
| Cystic Fibrosis - Causes -Caused by -Treated by | Causes overproduction of mucus leading to lung infection Caused by a faulty recessive allele of the CFTR gene Treated using antibiotics, physiotherapy and gene therapy |
| Polydactyly | Means you have six digits that are often fully working |
| Genetic pedigree | Shows the distribution of a genetic disorder through a family |
| DNA profiling (how it's done) | DNA is taken from a cell with a nucleus and is digested by an enzyme and spread onto a gel. A distinct pattern of bands appear that is unique to the individual. |
| DNA profiling (uses) | Forensics Paternity test as child's bands will always be present in either parents' one |
| Genetic engineering involves.... | Changing an organisms DNA in order to remove or add characteristics |
| Genetically engineered bacteria | Human insulin gene is cut from DNA using an enzyme and place into a bacteria DNA structure. Bacteria then reproduces asexually so have lots of insulin genes made identically. |
| GM crops | Herbicide resistant soya plant: Add gene so can withstand herbicides and so get better yields as kill crops. Worried that it might 'escape' into wild Golden rice Have Vitamin A in order to combat deficiencies Some say it's unethical |
| Gene therapy | The introduction of working genes into the cells of a patient. Only works if it is localised e.g. CF CF use a liposome delivery system via an aerosol Not permanent and doesn't affect offspring |
Created by:
Zoe 1
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