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Unit 6
AP Biology Unit 6 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA Replication | The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis. |
| Replication Fork | The location where the two strands are separated. A y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized. |
| Semiconservative | Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand. |
| Alternative Splicing | A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns. |
| Exon | Sequences of an mRNA transcript that code for amino acids. A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the mature RNA after RNA processing. |
| Intron | Sequences of an mRNA transcript that do not code for amino acids. A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing. |
| Splicing | A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons. |
| Template Strand | The DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. |
| Transcription | The process in which an enzyme directs the formation of an mRNA molecule. The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template. RNA polymerase uses the noncoding strand of DNA as a template to produce an mRNA moelcule. |
| Codon | A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. |
| Retrovirus | Introduce viral RNA, not DNA, into host cells. An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome. |
| Translation | Process by which an mRNA sequence is used to generate a polypeptide. Synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There's a change of language from nucleotides to amino acids. Convert RNA information into a protein |
| Virus | An infectious particle capable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope. |
| Cell Differentiation | Cells within the same organism having different phenotypes. |
| Cell Specialization | The process by which generic cells change into specific cells meant to do certain tasks within the body. |
| Epigenetics | Heritable changes in gene expression. DNA modifications that do not change the DNA sequence can affect gene activity. Reversible modifications of DNA or histones which help regulate gene expression. |
| Gene Expression | Instructions in the DNA are transcribed and translated into a functional protein. The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs. |
| Histone | Proteins used to wrap DNA around. A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatic structure. The DNA can be tightly coiled or untightly coiled. |
| Operon | Closely linked genes that produce a single mRNA molecule during transcription. |
| Promoter | A sequence that either inhibits or promotes transcription by binding with regulatory proteins. DNA sequences upstream of the transcription start site where RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription. |
| Transcription Factor | Proteins that promote or inhibit transcription of a gene. A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. |
| Conjugation | Cell-to-cell transfer of DNA. Allows for small segments of DNA to move from one cell to another. |
| Host Cell | A living cell invaded by or capable of being invaded by an infectious agent. Forced to produce thousands of copies of the original virus. |
| Sterility | Inability of a living organism to effect sexual reproduction. Infertility, the condition of a person, animal or plant being unable to bear children. Infertile. |
| Transduction | Transmission of foreign DNA into a cell when a viral genome integrates with the host genome. |
| Transformation | The uptake of naked DNA. Naked DNA is DNA that is not protected by proteins or other molecules. |
| Transposition | The movement of DNA segments within and between molecules. |
| Triploidy | Having three copies of a particular chromosome. Can result in sterility in some animals. |
| Biotechnology | Genetic engineering techniques that can be used to analyze and manipulate DNA and RNA. The manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products. |
| DNA Sequencing | Determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. Establish the order of nucleotides in a strand of DNA molecules. |
| Electrophoresis | Separates molecule according to size and shape. |
| Genetic Engineering | The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. Genetic engineering techniques can be used to amplify, modify, and compare samples of DNA and RNA. |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | Allows scientists to create large samples of DNA to analyze when small samples are initially available. |
Created by:
Kendra R.
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