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Response & Regulate
Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Receptors | Sensitive cells that detect changes in the environment |
| Stimuli | Change in environment which is detected by the receptors |
| Six senses, Receptors and stimuli | Sight->Retina->Light Hear->Cochlea->Vibrations Touch->Skin->Temperature and pressure Balance->Inner ear->Gravity Taste->Taste buds->Chemicals Smell->Nose->Chemicals |
| Neurons | Are networks of nerve cells that transport messages via electrical impulses |
| Sensory neurons | Take information from organs to brain/spinal cord |
| Motor neurons | Take information from brain/spinal cord to muscles to make us move |
| Central nervous system | Made up of brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral nervous system | Reaches out to all of the body's cells |
| Reflex arc uses | To protect via and automatic and rapid response |
| Reflex arc order | Stimulus->Receptors->Sensory neuron->Relay neuron->Motor neuron->Effector neuron-> Response |
| Synapse | A small gap in the spinal cord. A neurotransmitter chemical is produced to carry pulse across gap and initiate relay neuron |
| Co-ordination | A learned ability that is stored in the cerebellum and cerebral hemisphere |
| Voluntary actions | Begin in cerebral hemisphere and down to motor neuron and muscles |
| Cerebellum | Controls balance, posture movement, muscle activity and co-ordination |
| Cerebral Hemisphere | Site of high order functions |
| Medulla Oblongatra | Connection between spinal cord and brain that connects automatic responses such as breathing |
| Cornea | Tough outer layer that is transparent and protective |
| Retina | Receptor cells at back of eye for light, sends information to the optic nerve |
| Lens | An adjustable structure used to focus light onto the retina. It flips the image |
| Choroid | Layer between retina and sclera that absorbs excess light |
| Blind spot | Non-connected area of the retina |
| Sclera | Outermost layer and is a white protective layer |
| Iris | Adjusts the size of the pupil to adjust the amount of light that enters |
| Aqueous humor | Fluid bit at front of eye. Behind the cornea but in front of pupil/lens |
| Vitreous humor | Fluid bit in main part of eye. Behind the lens |
| Ciliary body | Muscle that controls the shape of the lens |
| Optic nerve | Carries information from retina to the brain |
| Endocrine system | A sensory system that uses hormones as messages |
| Glands | Secrete hormones into the blood |
| Adrenaline | Emergency hormone that generates lots of energy. Fight or flight hormone |
| Hypothalamus | Part of brain that links the endocrine and nervous system |
| Homeostasis | Maintenance of a constant internal environment. Refers to body temperature, pH levels and glucose levels. A physiological change. |
| Controlling body temperautre-skin | Hair stands up to trap heat. Erector muscles contract to do this Blood vessels vasoconstrict to reduce thermal energy loss Sweat pores secrete sweat which evaporates off surface to cool down Fat layers act an an insulator |
| Epidermis | Outer layer of dead skin |
| Dermis | Inner layers of living skin |
| Low glucose | Pancreas releases glucagon to get liver to release glucose into blood stream |
| High glucose | Pancreas releases insulin to get liver to remove and store glucose |
| Negative feedback | Allows the body to stop producing the hormones when the levels are correct |
| Type 1 diabetes | Beta cells which produce insulin are damaged due to a virus or genetics |
| Type 2 diabetes | Body has become resistant to insulin as it's always in the blood |
| Kidney function | Regulate water and excrete toxins |
| Kidney location | Back of abdomen |
| Nephron | Thousands of nephrons make up the kidney. Tubule is surrounded by capillaries for filtration |
| Ultrafiltration | High pressure is created in capillary knot due to width difference resulting in salts and water entering Bowman's capsule |
| Capillary knot | Site of ultrfiltration |
| Bowman's capsule | Where salts and water enters the tubule |
| Glucose and amino acids are | Reabsorbed. Should be none in urine |
| Water and minerals are | Balanced and then reabsorbed |
| Blood content are | Does not get absorbed in first place as it's too big |
| Water levels affect the | Osmotic balance |
| Too little water | Shrink cells and they work in efficiently |
| Too much water | Cause cells to burst |
| Anti-diuretic hormone | ADH is made in the pituitary gland and causes the tubule walls to reabsorb water to combat dehydration |
| Plants respond to | Environmental stimuli |
| Plants do not have.....so rely on...... | Nervous systems Hormones called Auxins |
| Auxins accumulate on the | shaded and lower side of roots and shoots |
| Shoots are | Positively phototropic but negatively gravitropic. Auxins gather on lower shaded side causing them to grown faster and so curve upwards |
| Roots are | Negatively phototropic but positively gravitropic Auxins gather on lower shaded side inhibiting growth causing them to grow downwards |
| Phototropism | Response to light |
| Gravitropism | Response to gravity |
| Tropism | Growth movements |
Created by:
Zoe 1
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