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Unit 9: Bio

Ecology: Animal Behavior

QuestionAnswer
Ethology study of animal behavior
Behavior what an animal does and how it does it -Both genetic & environmental factors -Essential for survival and reproduction -Subject to natural selection over time
Proximate cause "How" a behavior occurs or is modified. Relate to the effects of genetics, hereditary, environmental interactions.
Ultimate cause "Why" a behavior in context of natural selection. Most of the time relates to reproductive success.
Innate behavior Unlearned or developmentally fixed behavior. All members of population have same behavior.
Fixed action patterns (FAPs) Sequence of unlearned acts that is triggered by sign stimulus. Ensures that activities essential to survival are preformed correctly without practice.
Kinesis Simple change in activity or turning rate in response to stimulus. Ex: Increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter and stay in a moist environment.
Taxis Automatic movement, oriented movement from stimulus (phototaxis, chemotaxis, geotaxis)
Migration Regular long-distance change in location. Environmental cues: sun, stars, earth's magnetic field, landmarks
Pheromones Chemicals emitted by members of one species that affect other members of the species.
Visual signals Warning flash of white of mockingbird's wing
Tactile Male fruit fly taps female fly (touch)
Auditory signals Screech of blue jay or song of warbler
Honey bee dance language Used to inform other bees about distance and direction of travel to food sources
Learning Modification of behavior based on specific experiences.
Habituation Loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information. Ex: Used to the smell in your surrounding that you don't smell it anymore.
Imprinting Learning + innate components. (of a young animal) Come to recognize (another animal, person, or thing) as a parent or other object of habitual trust.
What is the sensitive period? This period is a time of limited duration. During the sensitive periods, the organism has very powerful capacities. Imprinting needs to happen during this time.
Cognitive Map Internal representation of spatial relationships among objects in an animal's surroundings. Ex: The wasp and the landmark cues for its nest.
Associative learning Ability to associate one stimulus with another. ex: monarchs = foul taste.
Classical Conditioning Arbitrary stimulus associated with a particular outcome. Ex: Pavlov's dogs
Operant Conditioning Another type of associative learning. Trail-and-error: associate its own behavior with reward or punishment.
Cognition Process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement.
Social learning Learning by observing others.
Foraging Food obtaining behavior. (minimize costs/ maximize benefits). All animals want largest amount of food with little work.
Sexual selection Seeking and attracting males, choosing and competing for mates.
Promiscuous Many partners, showy structures, no care for young
Monogamous One partner, similar structures, much care for young
Polygamous 1M + many F, showy male, and male show little care to the young.
Polyandry 1F + many M, showy female, and male shows no care.
Agonistic behavior Threats, rituals, and sometimes combat; settles disputes over resources (mates)
Altruism Selfless behavior, reduce individual fitness but increase fitness of others in population.
Inclusive fitness total effect of producing own offspring + helping close relatives.
Kin Selection Type of natural selection; altruistic behavior enhances reproductive success of relatives.
Created by: imaliha2003
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