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Unit 6
AP Biology Unit 6 Vocabulary - Rebancos
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA Replication | The process by which a DNA molecule is copied |
| Replication Fork | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized |
| Semiconservative | Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand |
| Alternative Splicing | A type of eukayotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns |
| Exon | A sequence within the primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence is transcribed |
| Intron | A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which the sequence is transcribed |
| Splicing | he process by which introns, the noncoding regions of genes, are excised out of the primary messenger RNA transcript, and the exons are joined together to generate mature messenger RNA. |
| Template Strand | The DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript |
| Transcription | The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template |
| Codon | A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code |
| Retrovirus | An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses. |
| Translation | The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids |
| Virus | An infection particle incapable of replicating outside a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat and, for some ___,a membranous envelope |
| Cell Differentiation | the process by which dividing cells change their functional or phenotypical type. All cells presumably derive from stem cells and obtain their functions as they mature. |
| Cell Specialization | the process by which generic cells change into specific cells meant to do certain tasks within the body |
| Epigenetics | Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence of a genome |
| Gene Expression | The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNA's |
| Histone | A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure |
| Operon | A unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway |
| Promoter | A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place. |
| Transcription Factor | A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes |
| Conjugation | In prokaryotes , the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. When the two cells are members of a different species , it results in horizontal gene transfer. |
| Host Cell | a living cell invaded by or capable of being invaded by an infectious agent |
| Sterility | an inability of a living organism to effect sexual reproduction |
| Transduction | 1) A process in which viruses carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another. When these two cells are members of different species, __ results in horizontal gene transfer. |
| Transformation | 1) The change from a normal animal cell to a cancerous one. 2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, it results in horizontal gene transfer |
| Transposition | genes are transferred from one organism to another through copying and inserting process. It accounts for the antibiotic resistance and transmission of virulence in certain bacteria. |
| Triploidy | Can be produced by the fertilization of an abnormal diploid egg produced by the nondisjunction of all its chromosmes. 3n. |
| Biotechnology | The manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products |
| DNA Sequencing | a laboratory technique used to determine the exact sequence of bases (A, C, G, and T) in a DNA molecule. The DNA base sequence carries the information a cell needs to assemble protein and RNA molecules. |
| Electrophoresis | move of particles in a gel under electric field. It's used to separate DNA according to size. The samples are put into wells at one end and an electric current is to pull them through the gel. DNA fragments are - charged, so they move towards the +. |
| Genetic Engineering | The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | A technique for amplifying DNA invitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase , and nucleotides |
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KatrinaRebancos
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