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mod8 air pollution
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Physical effects of pollutants | irritate our eyes and lungs, enter our blood stream when we breathe them, then damage nerves and brain function. |
| conventional or criteria pollutants (6) | sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ozone (and its precursor volatile organic compounds), lead, and particulate matter. |
| dominant sources of most criteria pollutants (2) | Transportation and power plants |
| ambient air | the air around us |
| The Clean Air Act (1970) purpose | designated new air quality standards, to be applied equally across the country, for six major pollutants. |
| Anthropogenic | (chiefly of environmental pollution and pollutants) originating in human activity. |
| unconventional pollutants (def) | compounds that are produced in less volume than conventional pollutants, but that are especially toxic or hazardous. |
| unconventional pollutants (6) | asbestos, benzene, beryllium, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and vinyl chloride. |
| point source | smokestack or some other concentrated pollution origin |
| Primary pollutants | are released in aa harmful form |
| Secondary pollutants | hazardous after reactions in the air. |
| Fugitive or nonpoint-source | emissions are those that do not go through a smokestack. |
| Ozone (O3) | ground level ozone is highly reactive oxidizing agent that damages eyes, lungs, and plant tissues, as well as paint, rubber, and plastics. It is a secondary pollutant, created by chemical reactions that are initiated by solar energy |
| Particulate material | dust, ash, soot, lint, smoke, pollen, spores, algal cells, and many other suspended materials like aerosols. |
| hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), | category of toxins is monitored by the U.S. EPA because they are particularly dangerous. these chemicals cause cancer, nerve damage, disrupt hormone function, and fetal development. |
| how Air pollutants can travel | Dust and fine aerosols can be carried great distances by the wind |
| Greenhouse Gases | Carbon Dioxide and Halogens methane, nitrous, oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride. |
| ozone hole | Chemical reactions of atmospheric gases and pollution produce the phenomenon |
| principal agents of ozone depletion. | Chlorine-based aerosols, such as CFC’s and HCFC’s |
| Montreal Protocol, | In 1987 an international meeting in Montreal, Canada, produced , the first of several major international agreements on phasing out most uses of CFCs by 2000. |
| Health Effects of Air Pollution | Consequences of breathing dirty air include: increased probability of heart attacks, respiratory diseases, and lung cancer. |
| Acid Deposition | Results From SO4 and NOx Deposition of acidic droplets or particles, from rain, fog, snow, or aerosols in the atmosphere, |
| temperature inversions | reverses the normal conditions. occur where ground-level air cools more quickly than upper air. With cold air resting below the warmer air, there is little mixing, and pollutants are trapped near the ground. |
| albedo | the proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface, typically that of a planet or moon.concrete and brick surfaces in cities absorb large amounts of solar energy |
| urban heat island. | temperatures in cities are frequently warmer than in thesurrounding countryside |
| dust dome. | Tall buildings create convective updrafts that sweep pollutants into the air. Stable air masses created by this heat island over the city concentrate pollutants |
| ozone hole | Chemical reactions of atmospheric gases and pollution produce the phenomenon |
| Stratospheric ozone | naturally-occurring gas that filters sun's (UV) radiation. This is typically regarded as 'good' ozone since it reduces the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation. A diminished ozone layer allows more radiation to reach the Earth's surface. |
| stratospheric ozone is being destroyed by | primarily chlorine-based aerosols, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) (p. 239). |
| ratio of direct costs and benefits of the clean air act | is 1:25 as of 2010. |
| the clean air act saved costs | The mainly saved costs are from reduced illness and property damage with an increase in productivity |
| organic compounds have decreased the least | Nitrogen dioxides, particulate matter, ozone, and volatile |
| conventional pollutants that have decreased the most | are lead (98%), SO2 (35%), and C0 (32%) |
| ambient ozone | is a pollutant that is closer to the Earth’s surface. |
| indoor air pollutants that are hazardous to health | are chloroform, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, syrene, biohazards (i.e. mold, pathogens), and cigarette smoke |
| additional hazardous air toxins added to the list regulated by the Clean Air Act | are asbestos, benzene, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and vinyl chloride |
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