mod8 air pollution
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| Physical effects of pollutants | irritate our eyes and lungs, enter our blood stream when we breathe them, then damage nerves and brain function.
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| conventional or criteria pollutants (6) | sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ozone (and its precursor volatile organic compounds), lead, and particulate matter.
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| dominant sources of most criteria pollutants (2) | Transportation and power plants
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| ambient air | the air around us
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| The Clean Air Act (1970) purpose | designated new air quality standards, to be applied equally across the country, for six major pollutants.
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| Anthropogenic | (chiefly of environmental pollution and pollutants) originating in human activity.
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| unconventional pollutants (def) | compounds that are produced in less volume than conventional pollutants, but that are especially toxic or hazardous.
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| unconventional pollutants (6) | asbestos, benzene, beryllium, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and vinyl chloride.
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| point source | smokestack or some other concentrated pollution origin
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| Primary pollutants | are released in aa harmful form
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| Secondary pollutants | hazardous after reactions in the air.
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| Fugitive or nonpoint-source | emissions are those that do not go through a smokestack.
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| Ozone (O3) | ground level ozone is highly reactive oxidizing agent that damages eyes, lungs, and plant tissues, as well as paint, rubber, and plastics. It is a secondary pollutant, created by chemical reactions that are initiated by solar energy
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| Particulate material | dust, ash, soot, lint, smoke, pollen, spores, algal cells, and many other suspended materials like aerosols.
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| hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), | category of toxins is monitored by the U.S. EPA because they are particularly dangerous. these chemicals cause cancer, nerve damage, disrupt hormone function, and fetal development.
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| how Air pollutants can travel | Dust and fine aerosols can be carried great distances by the wind
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| Greenhouse Gases | Carbon Dioxide and Halogens methane, nitrous, oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride.
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| ozone hole | Chemical reactions of atmospheric gases and pollution produce the phenomenon
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| principal agents of ozone depletion. | Chlorine-based aerosols, such as CFC’s and HCFC’s
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| Montreal Protocol, | In 1987 an international meeting in Montreal, Canada, produced , the first of several major international agreements on phasing out most uses of CFCs by 2000.
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| Health Effects of Air Pollution | Consequences of breathing dirty air include: increased probability of heart attacks, respiratory diseases, and lung cancer.
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| Acid Deposition | Results From SO4 and NOx Deposition of acidic droplets or particles, from rain, fog, snow, or aerosols in the atmosphere,
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| temperature inversions | reverses the normal conditions.
occur where ground-level air cools more quickly than upper air. With cold air resting below the warmer air, there is little mixing, and pollutants are trapped near the ground.
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| albedo | the proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface, typically that of a planet or moon.concrete and brick surfaces in cities absorb large amounts of solar energy
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| urban heat island. | temperatures in cities are frequently warmer than in thesurrounding countryside
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| dust dome. | Tall buildings create convective updrafts that sweep pollutants into the air. Stable air masses created by this heat island over the city concentrate pollutants
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| ozone hole | Chemical reactions of atmospheric gases and pollution produce the phenomenon
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| Stratospheric ozone | naturally-occurring gas that filters sun's (UV) radiation. This is typically regarded as 'good' ozone since it reduces the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation. A diminished ozone layer allows more radiation to reach the Earth's surface.
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| stratospheric ozone is being destroyed by | primarily chlorine-based aerosols, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) (p. 239).
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| ratio of direct costs and benefits of the clean air act | is 1:25 as of 2010.
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| the clean air act saved costs | The mainly saved costs are from reduced illness and property damage with an increase in productivity
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| organic compounds have decreased the least | Nitrogen dioxides, particulate matter, ozone, and volatile
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| conventional pollutants that have decreased the most | are lead (98%), SO2 (35%), and C0 (32%)
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| ambient ozone | is a pollutant that is closer to the Earth’s surface.
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| indoor air pollutants that are hazardous to health | are chloroform, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, syrene, biohazards (i.e. mold, pathogens), and cigarette smoke
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| additional hazardous air toxins added to the list regulated by the Clean Air Act | are asbestos, benzene, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and vinyl chloride
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