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NAU Micro 10
NAU Viruses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acellular entities,composed of nucleic acid & protein. Not considered living since they cannot reproduce on their own. They have to bind to a cell and get inside the cell. | Virus |
| Infectious misfolded protein that is acellular, can easily move from one species to another. Ex: Mad Cow, Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jacob | Prions |
| RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein with a lipid bi-layer. Is vulnerable in the environment since the lipid bi-layer can dry out. They bud off the host cell. | Envelope Viruses |
| RNA or DNA surrounded by protein without a lipid bi-layer. They are more potent in the environment. They also lyse the host cell and kill the cell. | Naked Virus |
| Ruptures the cell | Lyses |
| Explain binomial nomenclature: | First word: Genus level- capitalized first letter, rest all lower case letters, all italicized. Second word: Species level- all lower case letters, italicized. |
| Naming convention of living organisms throughout the world. | Binomial Nomenclature |
| Protein coat surrounding a virus | Capsid |
| Lipid bi-layer membrane surrounding a virus | Envelope |
| A complete virus particle including the envelope if it has one | Virion |
| From what 2 species are humans vulnerable to new emerging viruses that jump species and why? | Birds & Mammals, since they are warm-blooded |
| Explains most viruses are limited to only one host species. Ex: Polio Virus has never been observed to cause a natural infection in any animal other than human | Viral Host Range |
| Explains most viruses can only infect specific kinds of cells and is determined by whether it can attach to a cell & whether host enzymes & other proteins the virus needs to replicate are available | Viral Specificity |
| There are 3 types of these viruses: | RNA Viruses |
| There are 2 types of these viruses: | DNA Viruses |
| Types of Chromosomal RNA viruses: | Positive Strand RNA, Negative Strand RNA and Double Negative RNA |
| This viral RNA strand acts like mRNA and can be translated by the host's ribosomes | Positive Strand RNA |
| This viral RNA acts as a template during transcription to make a complementary positive strand mRNA after a cell has been infected. This positive strand is then translated by host ribosomes | Negative Strand RNA |
| RNA viruses that consists of 2 strands of RNA that is diverse and has a wide host range | Double Negative Strand RNA |
| A negative strand of DNA must carry this in order to do transcription | RNA Polymerase |
| Which cells do not have the enzymes to copy viral DNA. | Eukaryotic Cells |
| RNA viruses must carry this or have the gene for this as part of their genome | Enzymes |
| Types of Choromsomal DNA Viruses: | Single stranded DNA (ssDNA)and Double Stranded DNA (dsDNA) |
| A DNA virus that has DNA as genetic material and can replicate using a DNA dependent DNA polymerase. Virus can be latent and can be a provirus. | Double Stranded DNA (dsDNA) |
| DNA virus with one family and is a small, naked virus | Single stranded DNA (ssDNA) |
| Double stranded RNA virus, a provirus, will reverse transcribe RNA back to DNA with error during transcription. Then will insert themselves into DNA. Has the ability to be latent & is always mutating. Ex: Cancers and HIV | Retroviridae Virus |
| Has a dormant period in the body, will insert into DNA and sit there. May or may not become active. | Latent Virus |
| Is a latent, double stranded DNA virus. Some of these viruses cause cancer, | Herpesviridae ds DNA Virus |
| The virus that causes cold sores. | Herpes Simplex |
| Causes chicken pox & shingles. Will erupt on the skin, pox will disappear but the virus doesn't go away. The virus may decide to replicate into shingles later. This virus hides in nerve ganglia. | Herpes Varicella-Zoster |
| Steps of Viral Replication: | 1. Adsorption 2. Penetration- virus or chromosome 3. Synthesis 4. Maturation 5. Release |
| Virus binds to the host cell and introduces viral material into the host cell | Adsorption |
| Viral cell takes over the host cell in a variety of ways depending on the nature of the virus | Penetration- virus or chromosome |
| Virus takes control of the cell and starts making viral materials needed to replicate the virus | Synthesis |
| Virus makes its own piece parts and the parts are assembled | Maturation |
| The cell bursts or buds and the virus is released | Release |
| Viruses that infect bacteria | Bacteriophage |
| The cycle a bacteriophage goes through to replicate | Lysogenic Cycle |
| Explain how an envelope virus is released: | Envelope virus buds out of the cell slowly taking with it the host cell's membrane, the immune system doesn't fight off the virus due to the virus having the host cell's membrane |
| How we grow viruses and how we make vaccinations | Through eggs |
| Visible effect that viruses have on cells | Cytopathic Effect (CE) |
| Viruses can induce defects in a fetus. The earlier in pregnancy the embryo is affected, the more extensive the damage. Ex: Cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex 1 & 2, Rubella Virus | Teratogenic Effects |
| Tests done to check for viruses and diseases. Does not check for Syphilis or HIV. | Torch Series of blood tests |
| A mutated cell that never stops growing | Cancer Cell |
| How does a virus cause cancer? | Cancer inserts itself into DNA & the gene replicates. But for the cancer to be effective has to insert into the right spot in the cell and the virus has to be Double stranded DNA (ds DNA) |
Created by:
FKrouse
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