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Unit 5
AP Biology Unit 5 Vocabulary - Cyran
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes | A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. |
| Daughter Cell | Cells that result from the division of a single parent cell. They are produced by the division processes of mitosis and meiosis. |
| Diploid (2n) | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent. |
| Gamete | A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. They unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
| Haploid (1n) | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes. |
| Meiosis | A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. |
| Chromatid | One of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome. During cell division, the chromosomes first replicate so that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. |
| Crossing Over | The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis. |
| Fertilization | The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote. |
| Homologous Chromosomes | A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother. (Homologs) |
| Sexual Reproduction | A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes. |
| Allele | Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects. |
| Conserved | _________ sequences refer to identical or similar sequences of DNA or RNA or amino acids (proteins) that occur in different or same species over generations. These sequences show minimal changes in composition or none at all over generations. |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism. |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Mendel's 2nd law, that allele pairs segregates/assorts independently of each other pair (gamete formation); applies when genes for 2 characters are on diff. pairs of homologs/when far enough apart on same chromosome to act like on diff. chromosomes. |
| Law of Segregation | Mendel's 1st law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate, (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation. |
| Phenotype | The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup. |
| Trait | One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character. |
| Zygote | The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg. |
| Genetic Linkage | _______ _______ describes the way in which two genes located close to e/o on a chromosome are often inherited together. On the other hand, genes farther away from each other on the same chromosome are more likely to be separated during recombination. |
| Sex-Linked Trait | A gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance; there are very few genes on the Y chromosome. |
| Nondisjunction | An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other. |
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