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Unit 6
AP Biology Unit 6 Vocabulary - Catiis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA Replication (6.2) | The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis. |
| Replication Fork (6.2) | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized. |
| Semiconservative (6.2) | Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand. |
| Alternative Splicing (6.3) | A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns. |
| Exon (6.3) | A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed. |
| Intron (6.3) | A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed. |
| Splicing (6.3) | The process by which introns, the noncoding regions of genes, are excised out of the primary messenger RNA transcript, and the exons (i.e., coding regions) are joined together to generate mature messenger RNA. |
| Template Strand (6.3) | The DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. |
| Transcription (6.3) | The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template. |
| Codon (6.4) | A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. |
| Retrovirus (6.4) | An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses. |
| Translation (6.4) | The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids. |
| Virus (6.4) | An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope. |
| Cell Differentiation (6.5) | The process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. |
| Cell Specialization (6.5) | The process by which generic cells change into specific cells meant to do certain tasks within the body. |
| Epigenetics (6.5) | The study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. |
| Gene Expression (6.5) | The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs. |
| Histone (6.5) | A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure. |
| Operon (6.5) | A unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway. |
| Promoter (6.6) | A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place. |
| Transcription Factor (6.6) | A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. |
| Conjugation (6.7) | Cell to cell transfer of DNA |
| Host Cell (6.7) | A living cell invaded by or capable of being invaded by an infectious agent. |
| Sterility (6.7) | The inability to produce offspring. |
| Transduction (6.7) | Transmission of foreign DNA into a cell when a viral genome integrates with the host genome. |
| Transformation (6.7) | Uptake of naked DNA. |
| Transposition (6.7) | Movement of DNA segments between DNA molecules. |
| Triploidy (6.7) | 3 copies of a certain chromosome. |
| Biotechnology (6.8) | The exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc. |
| DNA Sequencing (6.8) | The process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. |
| Electrophoresis (6.8) | The movement of charged particles in a fluid or gel under the influence of an electric field. |
| Genetic Engineering (6.8) | The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (6.8) | A method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail. |
Created by:
e.catiis
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