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Unit 6
AP Biology Unit 6 Vocabulary - Castillo
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA Replication | The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis. |
| Replication Fork | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized. |
| Semiconservative - in regards to DNA replication | Semiconservative replication results in a DNA molecule containing one original strand and a newly synthesized compliment |
| Alternative Splicing | A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns. |
| Exon | A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed. |
| Intron | A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed |
| Splicing | The process by which introns, the noncoding regions of genes, are excised out of the primary messenger RNA transcript, and the exons (i.e., coding regions) are joined together to generate mature messenger RNA. |
| Template Strand | The DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. |
| Transcription | The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template |
| Codon | A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code |
| Retrovirus | An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses |
| Translation | The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids |
| Virus | A virus is an infectious particle that reproduces by "commandeering" a host cell and using its machinery to make more viruses. |
| Cell Differentiation | Cell differentiation refers to cells within the same organism having different phenotypes |
| Cell Specialization | Cell specialization, also known as cell differentiation, is the process by which generic cells change into specific cells meant to do certain tasks within the body |
| Epigenetics | Epigenetics are reversible modifications of DNA or histones which help regulate gene expression |
| Gene Expression | The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs. |
| Histone | A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure. |
| Operon | Operons are closely linked genes that produce a single mRNA molecule during transcription |
| Promoter | A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place |
| Transcription Factor | A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes |
| Conjugation | In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA b/w 2 cells that are temporarily joined. When the 2 cells are members of different species, conjugation results in horizontal gene transfer. |
| Host Cell | living cell invaded by or capable of being invaded by an infectious agent.This drug integrates with the virus in a way that prevents it from attaching to host cells, and prevents viral replication of cells already infected. |
| Sterility | The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female sterility) or to induce conception (male sterility) |
| Tranduction | Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus. It also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector. |
| Transformation | A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer |
| Transposition | Transposition is the movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules |
| Triploidy | Triploidy is a rare chromosomal abnormality in which fetuses are born with an extra set of chromosomes in their cells. |
| Biotechnology | The manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products |
| DNA Sequencing | Sequencing DNA means determining the order of the four chemical building blocks - called "bases" - that make up the DNA molecule. The sequence tells scientists the kind of genetic information that is carried in a particular DNA segment |
| Electrophoresis | Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is used to move molecules to be separated through a gel. |
| Genetic Engineering | The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotdes |
Created by:
victoria.castillo
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