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S&F- Chapter 8- Nerv
ous System Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acetylcholine | chemical neurotransmitter |
| anesthesia | loss of sensation |
| arachnoid mater | delicate, weblike middle membrane covering the brain, the meninges |
| astrocyte | a glial cell |
| axon | nerve cell process that transmits impulses away from the cell body |
| catecholamines | norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| dendrite | branching or treelike; a nerve cell process that transmits impulses toward the body |
| dopamine | chemical neurotransmitter |
| dura mater | literally "strong or hard mother"; outermost layer of the meninges |
| effector | responding organ; for example, voluntary and involuntary muscle, the heart, and glands |
| endorphin | chemical in central nervous system that influences pain perception; a natural painkiller |
| enkephalins | peptide chemical in the central nervous system that acts as a natural painkiller |
| fight-or-flight response | the changes produced by increased sympathetic impulses allowing the body to deal with any type of stress |
| ganglia | a region of gray (unmyelinated) nerve tissue (usually this term is only used for gray matter regions in the PNS) |
| ganglion | a group of nerve cell bodies located in the PNS |
| glia | supporting cells of nervous tissue; also called neuroglia |
| hydrocephalus | abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid; "water on the brain" |
| interneuron | nerves that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons |
| limbic system | a collection of various small regions of the brain that act together to produce emotion and emotional response; sometimes called "the emotional brain" |
| meninges | fluid-containing membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| microglia | one type of connective tissue found in the brain and spinal cord |
| motor neuron | transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glandular epithelial tissues |
| multiple sclerosis | the most common primary disease of the central nervous system; a myelin disorder |
| myelin | lipoid substance found in the myelin sheath around some nerve fibers |
| neuron | nerve cell, including its processes (axons and dendrites) |
| neurotransmitter | chemical by which neurons communicate |
| nodes of Ranvier | indentations that are found between adjacent Schwann cells |
| norepinephrine | hormone secreted by adrenal medulla; released by sympathetic nervous system |
| oligodendrocyte | a cell that holds nerve fibers together and produces the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system |
| parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) | part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord; controls many visceral effectors under normal conditions |
| pia mater | the vascular innermost covering (meninx) of the brain and spinal cord |
| postganglionic neurons | autonomic neurons that conduct nerve impulses from a ganglion to cardiac or smooth muscle or glandular epithelial tissue |
| postsynaptic neuron | a neuron situated distal to a synapse |
| preganglionic neurons | autonomic neurons that conduct nerve impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion |
| presynaptic neuron | a neuron situated proximal to a synapse |
| receptor | peripheral beginning of a sensory neuron's dendrite |
| relfex arc | allows an impulse to travel in only one direction |
| saltatory conduction | when a nerve impulse encounters myelin and "jumps" from one node of Ranvier to the next |
| sensory neurons | neurons that transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body |
| serotonin | a neurotransmitter that belongs to a group of compounds called catecholamines |
| sympathetic nervous system | part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; functions as an emergency system |
| synapse | junction between adjacent neurons |
| synaptic cleft | the space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron |
| tract | bundles of axons in the CNS |
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