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Unit 5
AP Biology Unit 5 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes | A chromosome is a string of DNA wrapped around associated proteins that give the connected nucleic acid bases a structure. Each chromosome carries part of the genetic code necessary to produce an organism. |
| Daughter Cell | Either of the two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis. Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes. |
| Diploid (2n) | Diploid describes a cell that contain two copies of each chromosome. Nearly all the cells in the human body carry two homologous, or similar, copies of each chromosome. |
| Gamete | Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells. They are also referred to as sex cells. Female gametes are called ova or egg cells, and male gametes are called sperm. Gametes are haploid cells, and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome. |
| Haploid (1n) | Having half of the usual complete set of chromosomes. |
| Meiosis | Meiosis, also called reduction division, division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. |
| Chromatid | A chromatid is one of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome. ... Following DNA replication, the chromosome consists of two identical structures called sister chromatids, which are joined at the centromere. |
| Crossing Over | Crossing over is the swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germ line. During the formation of egg and sperm cells, also known as meiosis, paired chromosomes from each parent align so that similar DNA sequences from the paired chromosomes cross o |
| Fertilization | Fertilization: The process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum. The product of fertilization is a cell called a zygote. |
| Homologous Chromosomes | A pair of chromosomes made up of two homologs. Homologous chromosomes have corresponding DNA sequences and come from separate parents; one homolog comes from the mother and the other comes from the father. Homologous chromosomes line up and synapse during |
| Sexual Reproduction | Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring that are genetically unique. During sexual reproduction, two haploid gametes join in the process of fertilization to produce a diploid zygote. Meiosis is the type of cell division that produc |
| Allele | An allele is a variant form of a gene. Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome. Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with o |
| Conserved | Conservation, study of the loss of Earth's biological diversity and the ways this loss can be prevented. Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the variety of life either in a particular place or on the entire planet Earth, including its ecosystems, sp |
| Genotype | In a broad sense, the term "genotype" refers to the genetic makeup of an organism; in other words, it describes an organism's complete set of genes. ... Each pair of alleles represents the genotype of a specific gene. For example, in sweet pea plants, the |
| Law of Independent Assortment | The Principle of Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop. ... During meiosis, the pairs of homologous chromosome are divided in half to form haploid cells, and this separ |
| Law of Segregation | Mendel's Law of Segregation states that a diploid organism passes a randomly selected allele for a trait to its offspring, such that the offspring receives one allele from each parent. |
| Phenotype | The term "phenotype" refers to the observable physical properties of an organism; these include the organism's appearance, development, and behavior. |
| Trait | a distinguishing characteristic or quality, especially of one's personal nature: bad traits of character. ... a stroke, touch, or strain, as of some quality: a trait of pathos; a trait of ready wit. |
| Zygote | Zygote, fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm). |
| Genetic Linkage | Genetic linkage describes the way in which two genes that are located close to each other on a chromosome are often inherited together. |
| Sex-Linked Trait | Sex linked is a trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome. In humans, the term generally refers to traits that are influenced by genes on the X chromosome. This is because the X chromosome is large and contains many more genes than the smaller |
| Nondisjunction | During anaphase of the cell cycle, chromosomes are separated to opposite ends of the cell to create two daughter cells. Nondisjunction is the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes |
Created by:
ChrisZam
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