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Unit 6
AP Biology Unit 6 Vocabulary- Hunter
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA Replication | The process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules |
| Replication Fork | The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand. |
| Semi-conservative - in regards to DNA replication | Relating to or being genetic replication in which a double-stranded molecule of nucleic acid separates into two single strands each of which serves as a template for the formation of a complementary strand. |
| Alternative Splicing | A method cells use to create many proteins from the same strand of DNA. |
| Exon | Coding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are translated into protein. |
| Intron | Non-coding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein. |
| Splicing | A two step reaction in which introns are removed from a primary rna transcript and exons are joined together to form a mature mrna. |
| Template Strand | The sequence of DNA that is copied during the synthesis of mRNA. |
| Transcription | The synthesis of RNA from DNA. Genetic information flows from DNA into protein, the substance that gives an organism its form. |
| Codon | A specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis |
| Retrovirus | A type of virus that has RNA instead of DNA as its genetic material. It uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells' DNA. |
| Translation | The process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). |
| Virus | A chain of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) which lives in a host cell, uses parts of the cellular machinery to reproduce, and releases the replicated nucleic acid chains to infect more cells. |
| Cell Differentiation | The process through which a cell undergoes changes in gene expression to become a more specific type of cell. |
| Cell Specialization | The process by which generic cells change into specific cells meant to do certain tasks within the body. |
| Epigenetics | The study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work. |
| Gene Expression | The process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule. The cell reads the sequence of the gene in groups of three bases. |
| Histone | A type of protein found in chromosomes that bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes. |
| Operon | Clusters of genes that share the same promoter and are transcribed as a single large mRNA that contains multiple structural genes or cistrons. |
| Promoter | DNA sequences that define where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins. |
| Transcription Factor | Proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA and include a wide number of proteins, excluding RNA polymerase, that initiate and regulate the transcription of genes. |
| Conjugation | The process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. |
| Host Cell | A living cell invaded by or capable of being invaded by an infectious agent. |
| Sterility | The physiological inability to affect sexual reproduction in a living thing, members of whose kind have been produced sexually. |
| Tranduction | The process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another. |
| Transformation | One of several processes by which genetic material in the form of “naked” deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is transferred between microbial cells. Its discovery and elucidation constitutes one of the significant cornerstones of molecular genetics. |
| Transposition | A DNA recombination reaction that results in the translocation of a discrete DNA segment called a transposable element or transposon from a donor site to one of many nonhomologous target sites. |
| Triploidy | A rare chromosomal abnormality in which fetuses are born with an extra set of chromosomes in their cells. |
| Biotechnology | A broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. |
| DNA Sequencing | Determining the order of the four chemical building blocks - called "bases" - that make up the DNA molecule. |
| Electrophoresis | A laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is used to move molecules to be separated through a gel. |
| Genetic Engineering | The process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism and it involves the direct manipulation of one or more genes. |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | A laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA. |
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ahunter1229
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