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Unit 6
AP Biology Unit 6 Vocabulary- Salviejo-Camacho
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA Replication | In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part for biological inheritance. |
| Replication Fork | The replication fork is a structure that forms within the long helical DNA during DNA replication. |
| Semiconservative - in regards to DNA replication | According to the semiconservative model, after one round of replication, every new DNA double helix would be a hybrid that consisted of one strand of old DNA bound to one strand of newly synthesized DNA. |
| Alternative Splicing | Alternative splicing is a process that enables a messenger RNA (mRNA) to direct synthesis of different protein variants (isoforms) that may have different cellular functions or properties. |
| Exon | An exon is any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. |
| Intron | a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes. |
| Splicing | RNA splicing, in molecular biology, is a form of RNA processing in which a newly made precursor messenger RNA transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA. |
| Template Strand | When referring to DNA transcription, the coding strand is the DNA strand whose base sequence is identical to the base sequence of the RNA transcript produced. It is this strand which contains codons, while the non-coding strand contains anticodons. |
| Transcription | Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. |
| Codon | The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins. |
| Retrovirus | A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. |
| Translation | In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. |
| Virus | A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. |
| Cell Differentiation | Cellular differentiation is the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. |
| Cell Specialization | Cell specialization, also known as cell differentiation, is the process by which generic cells change into specific cells meant to do certain tasks within the body. Cell specialization is most important in the development of embryos. |
| Epigenetics | Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence which in turn affects how cells read the genes. |
| Gene Expression | Gene expression is the process by which the instructions in our DNA are converted into a functional product, such as a protein |
| Histone | In biology, histones are highly basic proteins abundant in lysine and arginine residues that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei. |
| Operon | An operon is a sequence of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter. |
| Promoter | In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind that initiate transcription of a single RNA from the DNA downstream of it. |
| Transcription Factor | In molecular biology, a transcription factor is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. |
| Conjugation | Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. |
| Host Cell | an animal or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal organism lives. |
| Sterility | Sterility is the physiological inability to affect sexual reproduction in a living thing, members of whose kind have been produced sexually. |
| Tranduction | Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. |
| Transformation | Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s). |
| Transposition | In transposition, the genes are transferred from one organism to another through copying and inserting process. |
| Triploidy | Triploidy is a rare chromosomal abnormality in which fetuses are born with an extra set of chromosomes in their cells. |
| Biotechnology | Biotechnology is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. |
| DNA Sequencing | DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. |
| Electrophoresis | the movement of charged particles in a fluid or gel under the influence of an electric field. |
| Genetic Engineering | Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail. |
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