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Unit 5
AP Biology Unit 5 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes | A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. |
| Daughter Cell | Daughter cells are the product of cell division. Each division splits one cell into 2 daughter cells. |
| Diploid (2n) | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. |
| Gamete | A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
| Haploid (n) | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n). |
| Meiosis | A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. |
| Chromatid | One half of a duplicated chromosome. |
| Crossing Over | The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis. |
| Fertilization | The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote. |
| Homologous Chromosomes | A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother. |
| Sexual Reproduction | A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes. |
| Allele | Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects. |
| Conserved | A sequence has been maintained by natural selection. A highly conserved sequence is one that has remained relatively unchanged far back up the phylogenetic tree, and hence far back in geological time. |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism. |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes. |
| Law of Segregation | Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation. |
| Phenotype | The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup. |
| Trait | One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character. |
| Zygote | The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg. |
| Genetic Linkage | Describes the way in which two genes (alleles) that are located close to each other on a chromosome are often inherited together during meiosis. Not follow Mendel's law of Independent Assortment. |
| Sex-Linked Trait | A gene is located on a sex chromosome. In humans, the term generally refers to traits that are influenced by genes on the X chromosome. |
| Nondisjunction | An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fall to separate properly from each other. |
Created by:
Kendra R.
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