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Unit 5

AP Biology Unit 5 Vocabulary - Cruz

TermDefinition
Chromosomes cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, consists of one very long DNA molecule & associated proteins.
Daughter Cell Either of the two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis. Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes.
Diploid a cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set is inherited from each parent.
Gamete a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
Haploid a cell containing only one set of chromosomes.
Meiosis modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of 2 rounds of cell division but only 1 round of DNA replication. Results in cells with half the number of chromosomes sets as the original cell.
Chromatid one of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome. During cell division, the chromosomes first replicate so that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.
Crossing Over the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.
Fertilization The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.
Homologous Chromosomes pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, & staining pattern that possess genes for the same characteristic of corresponding loci. 1 homologous chromosome is inherited from the organisms father, the other is inherited from the mother.
Sexual Reproduction a type of reproduction in which 2 parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes.
Allele any type of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.
Conserved indicates that a sequence has been maintained by natural selection.
Genotype the genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
Law of Independent Assortment Mendel's 2 law, saying that each pair of alleles segregates, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for 2 characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes.
Law of Segregation Mendel's first law, saying that the 2 alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes during gamete formation.
Phenotype the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
Trait one or two or more detectable variants in a genetic character.
Zygote the diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg.
Genetic Linkage describes the way in which two genes that are located close to each other on a chromosome are often inherited together.
Sex-Linked Trait trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome. In humans, the term generally refers to traits that are influenced by genes on the X chromosome.
Nondisjunction an error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.
Created by: evelyncruz
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