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Unit 5
AP Biology Unit 5 Vocabulary-Navarro
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes | A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| Daughter Cell | cells that result from the division of a single parent cell. They are produced by the division processes of mitosis and meiosis. |
| Diploid (2n) | containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. |
| Gamete | Organisms reproductive (sex) cells |
| Haploid (1n) | a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
| Meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. |
| Chromatid | one of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
| Crossing Over | the exchange of genetic material during sexual reproduction between two homologous chromosomes' non-sister chromatids that results in recombinant chromosomes |
| Fertilization | the fusion of haploid gametes, egg and sperm, to form the diploid zygote |
| Homologous Chromosomes | two pieces of DNA within a diploid organism which carry the same genes, one from each parental source |
| Sexual Reproduction | a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete with a single set of chromosomes combines with another to produce an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes |
| Allele | one of two, or more, forms of a given gene variant. |
| Conserved | Conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids or proteins across species, or within a genome, or between donor and receptor taxa. Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintained by natural selection |
| Genotype | an organism’s complete set of genetic material |
| Law of Independent Assortment | describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop |
| Law of Segregation | the two alleles for each trait segregate, or separate, during the formation of gametes, and that during the formation of new zygotes, the alleles will combine at random with other alleles |
| Phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment |
| Trait | a specific characteristic of an organism. Traits can be determined by genes or the environment, or more commonly by interactions between them. |
| Zygote | fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm) |
| Genetic Linkage | describes the way in which two genes that are located close to each other on a chromosome are often inherited together |
| Sex-Linked Trait | a trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome |
| Nondisjunction | the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes. |
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