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Unit 5

AP Biology Unit 5 Vocabulary - Castillo

TermDefinition
Chromosomes A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
Daughter Cell Either of the two cell formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis. Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes.
Diploid (2n) A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
Gamete A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
Haploid (1n) A cell containing only one set of chromosomes. (n)
Meiosis A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of 2 rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell.
Chromatid One of two identical chromosomal strands into which a chromosome splits longitudinally preparatory to cell division
Crossing Over The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.
Fertilization The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.
Homologous Chromosomes A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess gene for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mom.
Sexual Reproduction A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes
Allele Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.
Conserved In biology and genetics, conserved sequences refer to identical or similar sequences of DNA or RNA or amino acids
Genotype The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
Law of Independent Assortment Mendel's second law-each pair of alleles segregates/assorts independently of each other pair during gamete formation-applies when genes for2 are on diff pairs of homologous chromosomes/when they are far enough apart on the same chr as tho they're on diff
Law of Segregation Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation
Phenotype The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup
Trait One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character
Zygote The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg
Genetic Linkage Genetic linkage describes the way in which 2 genes that are located close to each other on a chromosome are often inherited
Sex-Linked Trait Sex linked is a trait in which a gene is located on sex chromosome. In humans, the term generally refers to traits that are influenced by genes on the X chromosome.
Nondisjunction An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other
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