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Unit 5

AP Biology Unit 5 Vocabulary- Salviejo-Camacho

TermDefinition
Chromosomes A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes.
Daughter Cell Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes.
Diploid (2n) Diploid describes a cell that contain two copies of each chromosome. Nearly all the cells in the human body carry two homologous, or similar, copies of each chromosome.
Gamete Gametes are haploid cells, and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome. Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells.
Haploid (1n) Haploid describes a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes. The term haploid can also refer to the number of chromosomes in egg or sperm cells, which are also called gametes.
Meiosis Meiosis, also called reduction division, division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.
Chromatid One of two identical chromosomal strands into which a chromosome splits longitudinally preparatory to cell division.
Crossing Over Crossing over is the swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germ line.
Fertilization The process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum. The product of fertilization is a cell called a zygote.
Homologous Chromosomes Homologous chromosomes have corresponding DNA sequences and come from separate parents; one homolog comes from the mother and the other comes from the father. Homologous chromosomes line up and synapse during meiosis.
Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete with a single set of chromosomes (haploid) combines with another to produce an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes (diploid).
Allele An allele is a variant form of a gene. Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome.
Conserved In evolutionary biology and genetics, conserved sequences refer to identical or similar sequences of DNA or RNA or amino acids (proteins) that occur in different or same species over generations.
Genotype The genotype determines the hereditary potentials and limitations of an individual from embryonic formation through adulthood. An individual's genotype comprises the entire complex of genes inherited from both parents.
Law of Independent Assortment The Principle of Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.
Law of Segregation Mendel's Law of Segregation states that a diploid organism passes a randomly selected allele for a trait to its offspring, such that the offspring receives one allele from each parent.
Phenotype The term "phenotype" refers to the observable physical properties of an organism; these include the organism's appearance, development, and behavior.
Trait A trait is a specific characteristic of an organism. Traits can be determined by genes or the environment, or more commonly by interactions between them. The genetic contribution to a trait is called the genotype.
Zygote Zygote, fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).
Genetic linkage Genetic linkage describes the way in which two genes that are located close to each other on a chromosome are often inherited together.
Sex-Linked Trait Sex linked is a trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome. In humans, the term generally refers to traits that are influenced by genes on the X chromosome.
Nondisjunction Nondisjunction is the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
Created by: kaliamae
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