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Blood /Lymph
Blood / Lymph
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins in the blood by displacing fluid | Colloid Osmotic Pressure |
| Plasma minus the formed elements and clotting proteins | Serum |
| Name for red bone marrow | Myeloid tissue |
| Leukocytes produced by Leukopoiesis and the Myeloid line | Monocyte, Basophil, Neutrophil, Eosinophil |
| Leukocyte produced by Leukopoiesis and the Lymphoid line | Lymphocytes= T-Lymphocyte, B-Lymphocyte and NK cell |
| Platelets are produced from what through Thrombopoiesis | Megakaryocytes in the Myeloid line |
| Thrombopoiesis is | Production of Platelets |
| Erythropoiesis is | Production of Erythrocytes |
| Leukopoiesis is | Production of Leukocytes |
| Hemopoietic stem cells are called | Hemocytoblasts and are stem cells |
| The Myeloid line and the Lymphoid line come from where | Hemocytoblast |
| Line that produces Erythropoiesis, Leukopoiesis, Thrombopoiesis | Myeloid line |
| Line that produces Lymphocytes | Lymphoid line |
| The 4 Globulins of the Hemoglobulin | Alpha and Beta chains |
| A organic ring with a Iron ion attached to the center | Heme group , one on each globulin , each iron ion can carry one oxygen molecule , 4 oxygen molecules per hemoglobin |
| Hormone that controls Erythropoiesis | Erythropoietin ( EPO) |
| Where is EPO produced | Kidneys |
| What stimulates the release of EPO | Chemoreceptors in the Kidneys detect low oxygen levels, release EPO into the blood to travel to the marrow to stimulate erythropoiesis |
| AB- recipient can have what type of blood | A-,B-.AB-,O- |
| AB+ recipient can have what type of blood | All blood types |
| B- recipient can have what type of blood | B- or O- |
| B+ recipient can have what type of blood | B+,B-,O+,O- |
| A- recipient can have what type of blood | A-,O- |
| A+ recipient can have what type of blood | A+,A-,O-,O+ |
| O- recipient can have what type of blood | O- |
| O+ recipient can have what type of blood | O+,O- |
| What do proteins help control in blood | PH levels as they work as Buffers |
| Percentage of substances in Plasma | 92% water, 7% Proteins,1% other solutes |
| Blood is considered a Colloid because of what | Blood contains Solutes that can exert osmotic pressures |
| Blood is considered a Solution because of what | Blood contains Dissolved molecules like ions and organic and inorganic moleculesa |
| Term for Stopping the flow of Blood | Hemostasis |
| Term used to describe erythrocytes that are stacked up onto one another | Rouleau |
| Hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates Erythropoiesis | Erythropoietin |
| Term for the separation of Erythrocytes from the plasma | Hematocrit |
| Term for when erythrocytes clump together because of cross linking by Antibodies | Agglutination |
| Chemical that coats the inner wall of the blood vessel to repel platelets | Prostacyclin |
| Term for Low Platelet count | Thrombocytopenia |
| Prostacyclin helps prevent what in normal healthy blood vessels | Unwanted Clotting |
| Some symptoms that lead from Hypercoagulation | Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism, Stroke, Heart attack |
| Some reasons for bleeding disorders | Thrombocytopenia, Hemophilia, Vitamin K deficiency, Drugs |
| Term for a clot that develops in the vessel | Thrombus |
| Term for when a Thrombus travels in the blood vessel | Embolus ( Embolism) |
| In the Intrinsic Pathway of coagulation the steps regarding the Factors are | Factor 12, 11, 9,8,10 -- 10 is the Goal Factor, which starts the Common Pathway |
| In the Extrinsic Pathway of coagulation the steps regarding the Factors are | Factors 7 and 3 come together to form Factor 10 -- 10 is the Goal Factor which starts the Common Pathway |
| What percentage of blood loss is required to activate the Sympathetic Nervous System | 10 % |
| What percentage of blood loss is required to no long be able to support life | 40% |
| Sympathetic response to 10% blood loss stimulates what actions | Vasoconstriction, Increase heart rate, Increase the force of contractions of the heart to try and maintain BP |
| The 4 classes of Plasma Proteins are | Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen, Regulatory Proteins |
| Alpha and Beta Globulins functions are to | Transport Water insoluble proteins/ Lipids, Metals, Ions, and some Hormones |
| Leukocytes in order of most numerous | Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils |
| The function of the Basophil is | Vasodilation and Anticoagulation |
| Leukocyte that increases in the presents of chronic bacteria infection | Neutrophil |
| Alpha Globulins - Large or Small | Small |
| Beta Globulins - Large or Small | Large |
| The 3 types of Leukocytes maturation processes are | Monocytes, Granulocytes, Lymphocytes |
| Function of the Lymphocytes | Coordinate immune responses, and Attack abnormal body cells |
| Transports Iron to the liver | Transferrin |
| The Protein that stores the Iron in the liver | Ferritin |
| The test to correctly match blood from donor to recipient | Agglutination Test |
| Basophils release what substances | Histamine and Heparin |
| What does Heparin do | Anticoagulation / anticoagulant |
| The percentage of Monocytes of Leukocytes | 2%-8% |
| The percentage of Lymphocytes of Leukocytes | 20 %- 40% |
| The percentage of Neutrophils of Leukocytes | 50 %- 70% |
| Pernicious Anemia is attributed to what | Lack of the production of Gastric Intrinsic Factor that is needed for the absorption of B12 |
| Eosinophil releases substances that | Attack parasitic worms and Helps with Allergic Reactions like pollen |
| The Lymphocyte that produces antibodies | B-Lymphocyte |
| The Lymphocyte that attacks infected body cells and Foreign cells like though after a transplant | T-Lymphocytes |
| NK cells do what | Attack abnormal and infected cells |
| Hormone in the Platelet formation pathway | Thrombopoietin |
| Medical name for Platelet | Thrombocyte |
| Water enters the blood from where | GI Tract |
| Adult male has around how much blood | 5 Liters; women less |
| Blood viscosity increases if | Erythrocytes increase or Fluid decreases |
| Blood temperature and PH are | Ph is 7.35- 7.45 and Temp is 1 degree C above body temp |
| Whole blood is what percentage of substances | Plasma 55%, Erythrocytes 44%, Platelets and Leukocytes 1% |
| What are the percentages of proteins in the Plasma | Albumin 58%, Globulins 37%, Fibrinogens 4% and Regulatory proteins are less than 1% |
| Hemopoiesis is initially started with what substance | CSF - Colony Stimulating Factor |
| Ions and molecules needed for erythropoiesis | Iron, Amino Acids and Vitamin B |
| Erythropoiesis sequence | Hemocytoblast, Myeloid, Progenitor, Proerythroblast, Erythroblast, Normoblast, Reticulocyte, Erythrocyte |
| The nucleus is ejected from the immature erythrocyte at what stage | Normoblast stage |
| The Organelles are degraded in the immature erythrocyte at what stage Except Ribosomes | Reticulocyte stage; Ribosomes still there to synthesis Hemoglubin |
| Erythrocyte becomes mature at what stage | Erythrocyte stage, where Ribosomes are degraded in the erythrocyte |
| Leukopoiesis for Granulocytes sequence is | Hemocytoblast, Myeloid, Progenitor, Myleoblast, Granulocyte- Neutrophil, Basophil,Eosinophil |
| Leukopoiesis for Monocytes sequence is | Hemocytoblast, Myeloid, Progenitor, Monoblast, Promonocyte, Monocyte |
| Platelets enter the bloodstream by | Proplatelets extending into the blood vessel and blood flow slicing off fragments into Platelets |
| Heme is made up of what | Porphyrin Ring and a Iron ion in the center |
| How are old erythrocytes taken out of circulation | Phagocytized in the liver or the Spleen |
| The proteins that store the Iron ion in the liver or spleen | Ferritin or Hemosiderin |
| When Hemoglobin is recycled, the heme group is converted to what | Biliverdin with in the Macrophage |
| Biliverdin is converted to what | Bilirubin and becomes part of the bile in the small intestine |
| Term for the destruction to Fibrin | Fibrinolysis |
| Aplastic Anemia has | Deflective red marrow from poison or radiation therapy |
| Congenital Anemia has | Too many immature RBC |
| Hemorrhagic Anemia has | Blood loss |
| Pernicious Anemia has | Lack of Intrinsic Factor for B12 absorption in SM |
| Sickle-cell Anemia has | Abnormal RBC |
| When do Anti-D antibodies show up | Only when RH- Blood is exposed to RH+ Blood |
| Agglutination can cause what | Hemolysis, Organ damage, and Block blood flow |
| Diapedesis is | The process of squeezing through blood vessels |
| Lymphocytes -T do what | Fight against foreign (transplant) and initiate immune response |
| Lymphocytes - B do what | Produce Antibodies |
| Monocytes have what shape of Nucleus | C shaped |
| Monocytes become what | Macrophages in the tissue that destroy viruses, bacteria and debris |
| Differential Count is what | Count or Measure of each type of leukocyte in a blood sample |
| What is Neutrophilia | Increase of Neutrophils due to Stress, Bacteria infection or Necrosis |
| What is Neutropenia | Decrease of Neutrophils due to HIV, some Leukemias and Sepsis |
| Conditions from Leukemias | Bleeding and Anemia, RBC and Platelets not being produced in marrow because of space restriction of over production of leukocytes |
| 3 Phases of Blood Clotting | Vascular Spasm, Platelet Plugging, and Coagulation |
| Prolonged vascular spasms are caused by | Platelets releasing Serotonin and Thromboxane A2 |
| Platelets attract other platelet during plug formation with what substances | ADP and Thromboxane A2 |
| Thrombocytopenia = | Low Platelet count |
| Soluble Fibrinogen becomes what | Insoluble Fibrin |
| Fibrin with the help of von Willebrand fibers form a net that catches what | Formed elements and Plasma proteins to form a clot |
| Substances required to form blood clot | Calcium, Clotting Factors, Platelets and Vitamin K |
| 2 steps of clot elimination | Clot retraction and Fibrinolysis |
| Atherosclerosis is | Inflammation of the blood vessel |
| Hemophilia is caused by what condition | Genetic mutation of the X chromosome , more prevalent in males due to single X |
| Most common Hemophilia is | Hemophilia A, Lacks factor 8 |
| Intrinsic pathway to blood clotting | Platelets adhere to vessel wall , factors 12 to 11, 11 to 9, 9 to 8 and 8 to 10 |
| The production of a Neutrophil is | Hemocytoblast, Progenitor cell, Myleoblast, Promyeloblast, Neutrophilic Myelocyte, Neutrophil |
| What cell differentiates into cells that produce Antibodies | Lymphocytes |
| Lymphocytes destroy what | Cancerous cells and virally infected cells |
| The smallest and most abundant of plasma proteins are | Albumins |
| What do Albumins transport | Hormones and Fatty Acids |
| Regulatory proteins are | Enzymes |
| What will elevate Neutrophils | Acute Stress |
| What will elevate Lymphocytes | Viral infections |
| What elevates Eosinophils | They elevate during Allergic reactions |
| White pulp consist of what | Clusters of T-cells, B-cells, Macrophages, central artery |
| What does Red Pulp contain | Erythrocytes, Platelets, macrophages, and B-cells |
| Spleen is made up primarily of what | White and Red Pulp and a Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Capsule |
| Splenic Cords consist of what | Cells and Reticular connective tissue in the Red Pulp |
| Name of the very permeable capillaries in the spleen | Splenic Sinusoids |
| Spleen filters | Blood |
| where in the spleen does phagocytosis of bacteria, old RBC, and platelets happen | In the sinusoids of the Red Pulp by Macrophages |
| Tonsillar Crypts are what | The invaginations that increase surface area in the tonsils; similar to the small intestine |
| Malt is found where in the Mucosa | Lamia Propria |
| Path of blood flow through the spleen | Splenic artery, Central artery, Splenic Sinusoid, Splenic venules, Splenic Vein |
| Main function of the White Pulp is | To monitor for foreign objects in blood |
| Main function of the Red Pulp is | Remove foreign objects from blood |
| Function of MALT | To initiate immune response, located in the lamina propria |
| 4 functions of the Spleen | filter blood, Regulate blood volume, Production of Lymphocytes, Initiate immune response |
| In the Thymus what regions contain the immature T-cells and what region contains the mature T-cells | Immature T-cells are in the Cortex and the Mature T-cells are in the Medulla |
| Main type of cell in the Red Pulp is | Macrophages |
| Main type of cell in the White Pulp is | Lymphocytes |
| Where and what are the Peyer Patches | Is a MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue) and is located in the GI Tract |
Created by:
scones and joe
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