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AP Biology Unit 5

TermDefinition
Chromosomes A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.
Daughter Cell Either of the two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis. Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes.
Diploid (2n) The total number of chromosomes in diploid cells is described as 2n, which is twice the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell (n).
Gamete a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
Haploid (1n) In sexually reproducing organisms, the number of chromosomes in the body (somatic) cells typically is diploid (2n; a pair of each chromosome), twice the haploid (1n) number found in the sex cells, or gametes
Meiosis Meiosis is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms used to produce the gametes. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with only one copy of each paternal and maternal chromosome.
Chromatid each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA
Crossing Over the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.
Fertilization The process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum. The product of fertilization is a cell called a zygote.
Homologous Chromosomes Homologous chromosomes are two pieces of DNA within a diploid organism which carry the same genes, one from each parental source. In simpler terms, both of your parents provide a complete genome.
Sexual Reproduction the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types. In most higher organisms, one sex produces a small motile gamete which travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other.
Allele one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
Genotype the genetic constitution of an individual organism.
Law of Independent Assortment The PIA describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.During meiosis, the pairs of homologous chromosome are divided in half to form haploid cells, and this separation of homologous chomo. is random
Law of Segregation each individual that is a diploid has a pair of alleles for a particular trait.The physical basis of the law of segregation is the first division of meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes with their different versions of each gene are segregated.
Phenotype the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Trait a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.
Zygote a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
Genetic Linkage Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
Sex-Linked Trait Sex linked is a trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome. In humans, the term generally refers to traits that are influenced by genes on the X chromosome.
Nondisjunction the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.
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