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Bio Test
Chapter 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is variation | differences between individual members of a population |
| How do variations occur? | Most variations will come out of genetics. |
| what is adaptation | an inherited trait that increases the population’s chance of survival in a particular environment |
| what is a niche | is a habitat and the role population plays in a habitat. This includes where organisms live, what and how they eat, how they raise their offspring, and what their predators are |
| what happens when two populations try to occupy the same niche | competition can arise and eventually one is declared the the winner and adapts the niche |
| what is biodiversity | All the variety of life, the communities that they form. And the habitats in which they live |
| what does evolution mean | the change over time |
| what were Lamarck’s hypothesis (3 things) | 1. Organisms constantly strive to improve themselves 2. Body parts that are used more often will develop while unused ones will disappear over time 3. As body parts develop during life, those developments will be inherited by offspring |
| what did Darwin observe on the island | finches |
| what did darwin observe about the finches | that the finches that were different loved in different niches |
| what PHYSICAL features did darwin observe about the finches | beak, size and feet |
| what did darwin hypothesize about the finches | adaptations of animals to their environment and the emergence of new species were closely related processes. |
| what was his hypothesis based off of | Geology, Artificial Selection, Population Control |
| what did the geology show | that those geological changes must influence plant and animal life. |
| what is artificial selection | Any domesticated plant or animal bred to accentuate desirable characteristics is the result of artificial selection |
| how did darwin apply population control in his experiment | if all of the finches survive then they would run out of resources and then there would be competition for food, water, and shelter |
| what was the theory of natural selection | tries to explain the process that shapes the adaptations Darwin observed on the Galapagos Islands. |
| what are the 4 components of natural selection | 1)There is variation within populations. 2)Not all young produced in each generation can survive. 3)Some variations are favorable 4)The individuals that survive and reproduce are those with favorable variations. |
| explain, There is variation within populations | Many variations are inherited and such traits are passed from parent to offspring |
| explain, Some variations are favorable | A favorable variation improves an organism’s ability to function and reproduce in its own particular environment |
| explain, Not all young produced in each generation can survive | Many offspring will die from disease or starvation. Some will also be killed by predators. Therefore, only a few offspring will live long enough to be able to reproduce |
| explain, Individuals that survive and reproduce are those with favorable variations | The offspring of the survivors will inherit the favorable variations. Therefore, with each new generation, a progressively larger proportion of offspring will have these variations |
| what is Gradualism | Genetic changes occur slowly within a population. New species evolve as the genomes of two populations differentiate over enormous spans of time |
| what is Punctuated Equilibrium | Populations remain genetically stable for long periods of time, interrupted by brief periods of rapid change |
| what can the rapid changes of Punctuated Equilibrium be caused by | by changes in the environment or by an increased mutation rate. Rapid genetic changes can result in the evolution of new species |
| what do fossils reveal | changes in populations over time |
| what is radiometric dating | studying isotopes found in the bones and surrounding rocks |
| what are homologous structures | Traits that are similar in different species because the species share a common ancestor |
| whats are vestigial structures | Other structures that you can observe in modern animals |
| what are analogous structures | Distantly related organisms sometimes have characteristics that are similar in function, but different in structure. |
| what do vestigial structures look like and how often are they used | they are inherited stuctures that are small and often unused |
| what is the degree of relatedness | How closely two species are related to each other is going to depend on how long ago they shared a common ancestor |
| hwat is embryology | looking at embryios to see if there is a common ancestor |
| what is biochemistry | looking at DNA to see if there is a common ancestor |
| Do all species use ATP | yes |
| what is evolution | the process by which populations change in response to their environments |
| what is a species | interbreeding populations that can produce healthy, fertile offspring. |
| what is speciation | the evolution of one or more species from a single anceswator species. |
| what are the three different ways that species can go through evolution. | Divergent evolution Convergent evolution Coevolution |
| what is Divergent evolution | occurs when isolated populations of a species evolve independently |
| what is convergent evolution | when natural selection has produced analogous adaptations in response to similar environments |
| what is coevolution | the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution. |
| what is adaptive radiation | evolution of many diversely adapted species from one common ancestor. |
| what is population genetics | The study of genetic traits and changes in populations |
| what is a gene pool | combined genetic material of all the members of a given population |
| what are allele frequencies | the number of each allele is a fraction of all the genes for a particular trait. |
| what is genetic equilibrium | constant state of allele frequency |
| what are the 5 conditions to maintain equilibrium | 1. No natural selection 2. Random mating 3. No migration 4. No mutation 5. A very large population size |
| why cant there be natural selection | All alleles in the population must be equally favored. There must be no reason for one allele to have a selective advantage over another |
| why Random mating | there must be no trait that makes some individuals more attractive as mates than others |
| why no migration | If individuals were to migrate, they may bring new alleles into a population. The population must be isolated from other populations of the same species |
| why no mutation | if the number of alleles mutating into new alleles is equal to the number of those new alleles mutating back to the original one, equilibrium is maintained. |
| why a large population | The larger the population size, the smaller the effect of migration or mutation |
| what is a genetic drift | the random change in allele frequencies in a population due to random events |
| what is bottlenecking | refers specifically to the harmful genetic drift that occurs after random events that reduce populations |
| what is distributive selection | A selection that does not favor the most common variation within a population |
| what is directional shift/selection | A shift in allele frequency to an extreme phenotype |
Created by:
J and S
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