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Unit 5
AP Biology Unit 5 Vocabulary - Maldonado
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes | A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; each of them consist of one DNA molecule and associated proteins |
| Daughter Cell | Either of two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis; they are genetically identical to the parent cell |
| Diploid (2n) | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent |
| Gamete | A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm; they unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote |
| Haploid (n) | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n) |
| Meiosis | A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication; results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell |
| Chromatid | It is one of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
| Crossing Over | The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meosis |
| Fertilization | The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote |
| Homologous Chromosomes | A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci; one of the chromosomes in inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother |
| Sexual Reproduction | A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes |
| Allele | Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects |
| Conserved Sequences | They are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids or proteins across species, or within a genome; indicates a sequence has been maintained by natural selection |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation |
| Law of Segregation | Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during the gamete formation |
| Phenotype | The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup |
| Trait | One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character |
| Zygote | The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg |
| Genetic Linkage | The tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction |
| Sex-Linked Trait | A gene located on either sex chromosome; most of these genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance; there are very few genes on the Y chromosomes |
| Nondisjunction | An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other |
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