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Unit 5
AP Biology Unit 5 Vocabulary - Catiis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Target Cell (4.1) | Cells that are receptive to a secreted hormone. A target cell responds to a hormone because it bears receptors for the hormone. |
| Ligand (4.2) | A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. |
| Phosphorylation (4.2) | A biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound; alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. |
| Receptor Protein (4.2) | Receptors are a special class of proteins that function by binding a specific ligand molecule. When a ligand binds to its receptor, the receptor can change conformation, transmitting a signal into the cell. |
| Secondary Messenger (4.2) | A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion or cAMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein. |
| Signal Transduction (4.2) | The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response. |
| Response (4.3) | (Cellular communication) The change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell. (Feedback regulation) A physiological activity triggered by a change in a variable. |
| Feedback (4.5) | A response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. |
| Negative Feedback (4.5) | A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. |
| Positive Feedback (4.5) | A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism that which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the charge. |
| Asexual Reproduction (4.6) | The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the organism into 2+ parts). Offspring are usually genetically identical to parent. |
| Cell Cycle (4.6) | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. The eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of interphase (G1, S, G2 subphases), M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis subphases). |
| Interphase (4.6) | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase is about 90% of the cell cycle. |
| Mitosis (4.6) | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells divided into 5 stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei. |
| Cancer (4.7) | A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue. |
| Cyclin (4.7) | A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle. Old cells ignore cell death and instead rapidly form and produce abnormal cells. They may produce tumors. |
Created by:
e.catiis
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