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Unit 5

AP Biology Unit 5 Vocabulary- Dominguez

TermDefinition
Chromosomes A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome contains a long strand of DNA and associated proteins.
Daughter Cell Cells that are genetically identical to their parent cells.
Diploid (2n) A cell containing two sets of chromosomes. One set from each parent.
Haploid (n) A cell containing only one set of chromosomes.
Gamete A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm.
Meiosis A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division, but only one round of DNA duplication.
Chromatid One of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome.
Crossing Over The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis.
Fertilization The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.
Homologous Chromosomes A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that posses genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homolog is from the mother and another is from the father.
Sexual Reproduction A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes.
Allele Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.
Conserved A base sequence in a DNA molecule that has remained essentially unchanged, and so has been conserved, throughout evolution.
Genotype The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
Law of Independent Assortment Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation.
Law of Segregation Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes during gamete formation.
Phenotype The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
Trait One of two or more detectable variants in genetic character.
Zygote The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization.
Genetic Linkage The tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
Sex-Linked Trait Traits that are found on either one of the chromosomes that determine sex
Nondisjunction An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.
Created by: JonathanDD
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