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Unit 4
AP Biology Unit 4 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Target Cell | The class of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus; they include both effector cells for the cell-mediated immune response and helper cells required for both branches of adaptive immunity. |
| Ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. |
| Phosphorylation | Adding phosphate groups to proteins. |
| Receptor Protein | A receptor protein spanning the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. |
| Secondary messenger | Small and water-soluble, they can readily spread throughout the cell by diffusion; Intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules. |
| Signal Amplification | An increase in the intensity of a signal through networks of intracellular reactions. Elaborate enzyme cascades amplify the cell's response to a signal. At each catalytic step in the cascade, the # of activated product is greater than in preceding step. |
| Signal Transduction | The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response. |
| Response | In cellular communication, the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell. |
| Feedback | A response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. |
| Negative Feedback | A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. |
| Positive Feedback | A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change. |
| Asexual Reproduction | The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). Most cases, offspring are genetically identical to the parent. |
| Cell Cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. It is composed of interphase (including G1, S and G2 suphases) and M phase (including mitosis and cytokinesis). |
| Interphase | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle. |
| Mitosis | Process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages; prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome # by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei. |
| Cancer | An uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body; Malignant growth or tumor resulting from division of abnormal cells; Abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases, to metastasize (spread). |
| Cyclin | A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle. |
Created by:
Kendra R.
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