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Unit 4
AP Biology Unit 4 Vocabulary - Catiis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes (5.1) | A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. |
| Daughter Cell (5.1) | The product of a single cell after cellular division. They are genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes. |
| Diploid (2n) (5.1) | (of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. |
| Gamete (5.1) | A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
| Haploid (1n) (5.1) | (of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. |
| Meiosis (5.1) | Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. |
| Chromatid (5.2) | A chromatid is one half of a duplicated chromosome. In replication, DNA replication itself increases the amount of DNA but does not increase the number of chromosomes. |
| Crossing Over (5.2) | Chromosomal crossover, or crossing over, is the exchange of genetic material during sexual reproduction between two homologous chromosomes' non-sister chromatids that results in recombinant chromosomes. |
| Fertilization (5.2) | The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote; The additions of mineral nutrients to the soil. |
| Homologous Chromosomes (5.2) | A couple of homologous chromosomes, or homologs, are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization. |
| Sexual Reproduction (5.2) | A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes. |
| Allele (5.3) | Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects. |
| Conserved (5.3) | Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintained by natural selection. |
| Genotype (5.3) | The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism. |
| Law of Independent Assortment (5.3) | Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or far apart. |
| Law of Segregation (5.3) | Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate) into different gametes during gamete formation. |
| Phenotype (5.3) | The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup. |
| Trait (5.3) | One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character. |
| Zygote (5.3) | The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg. |
| Genetic Linkage (5.4) | The tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction. |
| Sex-Linked Trait (5.4) | A gene located on either sex chromosome. Most are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance. |
| Nondisjunction (5.6) | An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other. |
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e.catiis
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