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Vocab Semester 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Renewable Resource | Resource that can regenerate quickly & that is replaceable |
| Non-renewable Resource | Resource that can't be replenished by natural processes |
| Smog | Gray/brown mixture of chemicals that occur as a haze in the atmosphere |
| Pollutant | Harmful material that can enter the biosphere through land, water, and air |
| Acid Rain | rain containing nitric & sulfuric acids |
| Biodiversity | The total variety of organisms in the atmosphere |
| Ecosystem diversity | Variety of habitats, living communities and ecological processes in the living biosphere |
| Species diversity | # of different species in biosphere |
| Extinction | disappearance of a species from all parts of the geo range |
| Endangered species | species whose population size is rapidly decreasing & will become extinct if the trend continues |
| Invasive Species | plants and animals have migrated to places where they aren't native |
| Conservation | wise management of natural resources |
| Ozone Depletion | The thinning of the ozone layer that is caused by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) in the atmosphere. |
| Global Warming | The increase in the average temperature of the biosphere |
| Atom | basic unit of matter |
| Nucleus | Center of atom which contains protons & electrons |
| Electron | Negatively charged particle |
| Element | Substance containing entirely one type of atom |
| Isotope | atom of an element that has a # of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element. |
| Compound | Substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in different proportions |
| Ionic bond | Bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| Ion | atom that has a positive or negative charge. |
| Covalent Bond | Bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms |
| Molecule | smallest unit of most compounds |
| Ph Scale | measurement systems used to indicate the concentration of hydrogens ions (H+) in solutions |
| Acid | Compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution |
| Base | compound that produces hydroxide ions in solutions |
| Monomer | small unit that can join together w/ other small units to form polymers |
| Polymer | Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
| Carbohydrate | compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen atoms |
| Monosaccharide | single sugar molecule |
| Disaccharide | Any of a class of sugars, including lactose and sucrose, that are composed of two monosaccharides |
| Polysaccharide | Large macromolecule formed from Monosaccharides . |
| Lipid | macromolecule made mainly from carbon & hydrogen atoms |
| Nucleic Acid | macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon & phosphorus |
| Nucleotide | Consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a nucleic acid. |
| Ribonucleic Acid | Single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar Ribose |
| Deoxsyribonucleic acid (DNA) | also known as DNA. Nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose. |
| Protein | macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen. Protein is needed by the body for growth & repair and to make up enzymes. |
| Amino Acid | Compound w/ an amino group on one end & Carboxylgroup on the other end. |
| Chemical Reaction | Process that changes one set of Chemicals into another set of chemicals. |
| Reactant | element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction. |
| Product | Element or compound produced by a chemical reaction. |
| Activation Energy | Energy needed to get a reaction started. |
| Catalyst | Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. |
| Enzyme | protein that acts as a biological catalyst. |
| Substrate | Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. |
| Cell | basic unit of all forms of life |
| Cell Specialization | Separate rolls for each type of cell in multicellular organisms. |
| Tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function. |
| Organ | group of tissue that work together to perform closely related functions. |
| Organ Systems | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| Autotroph | (Producer) can make own food |
| Hetertroph | (Consumer) Organism that can't make own food |
| Cell Theory | idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells. |
| Cell Membrane | thin, flexible barrier around a cell |
| Cell Wall | Strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, & bacteria |
| Cytoplasm | Material inside the cell membrane (not nucleus) |
| Prokaryote | Single-celled microorganism that lacks a nucleus |
| Eukaryote | Organism whose cells contain nuclei |
| Organelle | specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell. |
| Chromatin | granular material visible w/in the nucleus |
| Chromosome | Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
| Nucleolus | Small dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of ribosomes begins. |
| Nuclear Envelope | Double membrane layer that surrounds the nucleus |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of protein filaments w/in some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement. |
| Microtubule | Hollow tube of protein that maintains cell shape & can also serve as a track along which organelles are moved. |
| Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in the cell in which enzymes attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. |
| Lysosome | Cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell. |
| Vacuole | cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, & carbohydrates |
| Chloroplast | Organelle found in cells of plants & some other organisms that uses energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules by photosynthesis. |
| Mitochondrion | Cell organelle that releases energy from stored food molecules. |
| Lipid Bilayer | Double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes. |
| Concentration | The mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume. |
| Diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. |
| Selective permeability (Semipermeable) | Property of biological membranes that allows only certain substances to pass through them. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels. |
| Active Transport | Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference. |
| Endocytosis | Process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane |
| Phagocytosis | Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engolf large particles and take them into the cell. |
| Exocytosis | Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material. |
| ATP | (ATP synthase) Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP. |
| Photosynthesis | Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen & high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches. |
| Light Intensity | As the intensity of light increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until a plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis. |
| Cellular Respiration | Process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen; made up of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, & the electron transport chain. |
| Fermentation | Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen. |
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