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Unit 4
AP Biology Unit 4 Vocabulary- Navarro
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Target Cell | a cell that possesses specific receptors for a particular hormone |
| Ligand | a molecule that binds another specific molecule, in some cases, delivering a signal in the process |
| Phosphorylation | A biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound |
| Receptor Protein | Proteins imbedded in the cell membrane. It is meant to recognize and bind to specific substances outside of the cell. |
| Secondary Messenger | molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface — such as the arrival of protein hormones, growth factors, etc. — to target molecules in the cytosol and/or nucleus |
| Signal Amplification | It is an elaborate enzyme cascade, in each step of the cascade the number of activated products is much greater. |
| Signal Transduction | the transmission of molecular signals from a cell's exterior to its interior |
| Response | a change in the organism resulting from the detection of a stimulus |
| Feedback | a response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system |
| Negative Feedback | involves a response that is the reverse of the change detected (it functions to reduce the change) A change is detected by a receptor and an effector is activated to induce an opposite effect – this promotes equilibrium |
| Positive Feedback | a process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop. This amplifies the original action. |
| Asexual Reproduction | a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes |
| Cell Cycle | a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides |
| Interphase | the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis. The cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis |
| Mitosis | part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained |
| Cancer | the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue |
| Cyclin | a family of proteins that controls the progression of a cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) enzymes or group of enzymes required for synthesis of cell cycle. |
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