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BIO 135 Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is anatomy? | The study of STRUCTURE of body parts and how they are organized. |
| What is physiology? | Study of FUNCTION of body parts (what they do and how). |
| What is homeostasis? | A stable internal environment, body parts only function when water, oxygen, and nutrients remain in normal limits. |
| What is an effector? | Brings about responses that alter conditions in the internal environment. |
| What is a receptor? | Provides info about internal environments if varied from the "set point" or normal limit. |
| What is a set point? | What a particular value should be. |
| What is negative feedback? | Stops effects when homeostasis is regained. |
| What is positive feedback? | Process that moves conditions away from the normal state. (usually produce unstable conditions) example: uterine contractions to make a baby come. |
| Define Superior | Body part above another |
| Define Inferior | Body part below another |
| Define Anterior | Body part toward the front (eyes are ___ to the brain) |
| Define Frontal | Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior |
| Define Transverse | Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. |
| Define Posterior | Toward the Back |
| Define Sagittal | Lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions |
| Define Lateral | toward the side, away from the midline. |
| Define Proximal | body part with closer point of attachment to the trunk. (elbow ______ to wrist) |
| Define Medial | Imaginary line that divides body into equal right and left halves |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | A bond typically formed between positive hydrogen and negative nitrogen or oxygen. |
| What is a covalent bond? | Atoms that share electrons. |
| What is an ionic bond? | Chemical bond that results from the attraction of two oppositely charged ions. |
| What is the pH scale? | a measure of hydrogen ion concentration. |
| pH 7.0 | Neutral |
| pH less than 7.0 | Acidic |
| pH greater than 7.0 | Basic |
| What is an acid? | Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water/ |
| What is a base? | Electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen. |
| What is an electrolyte? | Substances that release ions in water. |
| What is an organic molecule? | Compounds that include carbon and hydrogen atoms. |
| What is an inorganic molecule? | Chemical substances that do not include both carbon and hydrogen atoms. |
| What is a carbohydrate? | Provide much of the energy that cells require. Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. |
| What is a lipid? | An organic substance that is insoluble in water (oils, fats) |
| What is a protein? | nitrogen containing organic compound composed of amino acids. |
| What is a nucleic acid? | Molecules that form genes and take part in protein synthesis. |
| What is a cell membrane? | Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell and is the site of much biological activity. |
| How is the cell membranes structure able to determine its function? | - it is selectively permeable- only allowing certain substances to enter or leave a cell. -Membrane proteins form binding receptors on the cells surface - Provides anchor to protein rods that support cell form within. |
| What does it mean to be selectively permeable phospholipd bilayer? | Membrane that is impermeable to water soluble molecules including amino acids, sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, and certain ions. It allows for free passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
| What is a lysosome? | Organelle made of tiny membranous sacs that contains enzymes that break down worn out cell parts and debris. |
| What is rough endoplasmic reticulum? | Outer membrane is studded with ribosomes- transports molecules from one cell part to another- participates in protein synthesis. |
| What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | Outer membrane ribosomes become sparse- contributes to lipid synthesis, absorption of fats from the digestive tract, and drug metabolism. |
| What is a nucleus? | The place which directs all cells activity and houses DNA. Large and roughly spherical enclosed in a double layered nuclear envelope. |
| What is a mitochondria? | Elongated fluid filled sac that houses most biochemical reactions that extract energy from the nutrients in digested food. |
| What is the Golgi Apparatus? | Refines, packages and transports proteins synthesized on ribosomes in the ER. stack of 5-8 flattened membranous sacs that look like pancakes. |
| What is a ribosomes? | Provide structural support and synthesize proteins. Tiny spherical structures composed of protein and RNA. |
| What is Mitosis? | Division of somatic cell, forming two genetically identical somatic cells. |
| What is interphase? | phase of preparedness- duplicating membranes, ribosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria. Replicates DNA. |
| What is Prophase | Chromosomes condense and become visible. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse. Spindle apparatus forms. |
| What is metaphase? | Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell. |
| What is anaphase? | Sister chromatids separate and the resulting chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. |
| What is telophase? | nuclear envelopes begin to reassemble. Division of cytoplasm into 2 cells. |
| What is simple diffusion? | The tendency of molecules or ions in a liquid to move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. |
| What is passive transport? | Mechanisms do not require cellular energy. |
| What is active transport? | Particles are moved from regions of lower concentration to regions of high concentration, energy from ATP is required. Ex substances transported include amino acids, sugars, calcium and hydrogen. |
| What is osmosis? | Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| What is facilitated Diffusion? | Spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. |
| What is endocytosis? | Process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle. |
| What is exocytosis? | Reverse of endocytosis- secretes substance stored in the vesicle from the cell. |
| What is anabolism? | synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring input of energy. Provides biochemicals necessary for cell growth and repair. |
| What is catabolism? | Decomposes larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy. |
| What is dehydration synthesis? | the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water |
| What is hydrolysis? | water molecule is split in order to break down another type of molecule. |
| What is metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions in a living system. Energy production and nutrient cycling. |
| What is is anaerobic respiration? | Does not require oxygen to break down glucose. |
| What is aerobic respiration? | Needs oxygen to transfer energy to cells. |
| What is the Krebs cycle? | AKA citric acid cycle- Pyruvic acid created by glycolysis enters mitochondria, loses carbon (generating CO2) Combines with Co-Enzyme A. |
| What is glycolysis? | "breaking of glucose" breaks 6 carbon glucose into 2 molecules of 3 carbon pyruvic acid. Takes place in Cytosol. Anaerobic. |
| What is an electron transport chain? | Series of metabolic reactions that take high energy electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to form ATP, water, heat, and CO2. |
| What is ATP? | Organic molecule that transfers energy used in cellular processes. |
| What are the location and products of cellular respiration? | -Glycolysis- in the cytosol (liquid cytoplasm) 2 ATP created, and 3 carbon pyruvic acid. (anaerobic) -Citric Acid Cycle- takes place in mitochondria. 1 ATP, 2 CO2 created - Electron transport chain- takes place in mitochondria yields 32 ATP (aerobic) |
| What is mRNA? | RNA that transmit information for a proteins amino acid sequence from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. |
| What is tRNA? | RNA molecule that carries an amino acid to the ribosome in protein synthesis. |
| What is a codon? | Set of three touching nucleotides of messenger RNA that specifies an amino acid. |
| What is an anticodon? | Three nucleotides of transfer RNA that are complimentary to a specific mRNA codon. |
| What is transcription and where does it take place? | Synthesizing of DNA into RNA, takes place in nucleus. |
| What is translation? | Assembly of an amino acid chain according to the sequence of base triplets in an mRNA molecule. Occurs in ribosome. |
| What is protein synthesis? | mRNA is translated from "language" of nucleic acids to "language" of amino acids. Occurs in ribosome. AKA translation. |
| What is replication? | The copying of DNA. |
| What is DNA? | hold the information to manufacture proteins in the form of genetic code. |
| What is a triplet? | a codon is an mRNA triplet that specifies an amino acid. |
| What are general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissues? | Covers body surfaces, covers and lines internal organs, lacks blood vessels, readily divides, cells are tightly packed. Has "free surface" exposed. Anchored by basement membrane. |
| What is smooth muscle? | spindle shaped muscle with a centrally located nucleus. Composes the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Cannot be stimulated by conscious effort. |
| What is the function of connective tissue? | Support, protect, store fat, produce blood cells. |
| What is the function of nervous tissue? | conduct impulses for coordination, regulation, and sensory reception. |
| What is skeletal muscle? | forms muscles that attach to bones and can be controlled by conscious effort. Has striations. Can be moved voluntarily. |
| What is cardiac muscle? | Only found in the heart. Striated. Has intercalated discs where one cell touches another. Involuntary control. |
| What is loose connective tissue? | Protein fibers are not tightly bound together. Examples- areolar, adipose, and reticular. |
| What is dense connective tissue? | Closely packed collagen fibers and a fine network of elastic fibers. |
| What is cartliage? | Rigid connective tissue. Provides support, framework and attachments protects underlying tissues. |
| What is hyaline cartilage? | Fine collagen fibers in extracellular matrix make it look like glass, found at the end of bones and many joints. Important in growth of most bones. |
| What is elastic cartilage? | dense network of elastic fibers, framework for external ears. |
| What is fibrocartliage? | made of many collagen fibers, is the shock absorber for structures under pressure like between vertebrae. |
| What is bone? | Most rigid connective tissue. Extracellular matrix has many collagen fibers. |
| What is the hypodermis? | Loose connective tissue layer beneath the skin. |
| What is the epidermis? | The outer layer of skin we can see, made of stratified squamous epithelium. Lacks blood vessels. Keratinization occurs here. |
| What is the dermis? | the layer that bind the epidermis to underlying tissues. Blood vessels in this layer provide nutrients to the cells. Nerve cells and motor cells reside here. |
| What is melanin? | A pigment that provides skin color. |
| What is arrector pili? | Smooth muscle in skin associated with hair follicle. |
| What is the sebaceous gland? | Cells of this gland produce globules of oily material (sebum) that keeps the hair soft and water proof. |
| What are the two types of sweat glands? | Eccerine- most numerous and widespread control body temperature Apocrine- active in puberty secrete when person is emotional upset, frightened, or sexually aroused (this sweat stinks) |
| What is the periosteum? | A tough covering of dense connective tissue that completely encloses the bone. |
| What is the diaphysis? | The shaft of the bone between the epiphysis. |
| What is the epiphysis? | The end of each long bone which forms a joint with another bone. |
| What is the lacunae? | Very small bony chambers that house osteocytes. |
| What is the endosteum? | Tissue lining the medullary cavity in a bone. |
| What is a trabeculae? | A branching bony plate that separates irregular spaces within spongy bone. |
| What is the medullary cavity? | The cavity containing red or yellow marrow within the diaphysis of the long bone. |
| What is the epiphyseal plate? | cartligeneous layer between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone that grows, lengthening the bone. |
| What is intramembranous bones? | Bone that forms from membrane like layer of primative connective tissue. Ex- flat bones of the skull. |
| What is an endochondral bone? | (most bones of skeleton) develop from hyaline cartliage. Ex- long bone. |
| What is an osteoblast? | Bone forming cells. They deposit bony matrix forming spongy bone. |
| What is an osteoclast? | bone resorbing cells. |
| What is calcitonin? | When blood calicum levels increases, the thyroid stimulates calcitonin secretion to signal osteoblasts causing bone development. |
| What is parathyroid hormone? | When blood calcium levels fall, it signals the release parathyroid hormone which signals osteoclasts to break down bone tissue. |
| What are the parts of the axial skeleton? | Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage. |
| What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton? | Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. |
| What is abduction? | Movement of the body part away from the midline. |
| What is adduction? | Movement of body part toward midline. |
| What is extension? | Movement increasing the angle between bones at a joint. |
| What is flexion? | Movement decreasing the angle between bones at a joint. |
| What is circumduction? | Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path |
| What is rotation? | Moving a part around an axis (twisting the head from side to side). |
| What is pronation? | Rotation of the forearm so that palm is down. |
| What is supination? | Roation of the forearm sot hat the palm is up. |
| What does it mean to pivot? | Cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with ring of bone and ligament. Rotates around a central axis. |
| What is a gliding joint? | common type of synovial joint formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces. |
| What is a hinge joint? | The convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another. Finger joints. |
| What is a saddle joint? | is a type of synovial joint in which the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave and convex. Ex metacarpal of thumb. |
| What is an ellipsoid joint? | AKA Condylar joint. ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. |
| What is a fibrous joint? | Articulating bones are fastened together by a thin layer of dense connective tissue. |
| What is a cartliagninous joint? | Articulating bones are connected by hyaline cartliage or fibrocartliage. |
| What is the synovial joint? | Articulating ends of bone are surrounded by a joint capsule of ligaments and synovial membranes; ends of articulating bones are covered by hyaline cartliage and seperated by synovial fluid. |
| What is a ball and socket joint? | A ball shaped head of one bone articulates with cup shaped cavity of another. |
| What is myosin? | Protein in a muscle fiber that forms the thick filaments that pull on the thin filaments of the protein actin, contracting the muscle fibers. |
| What is actin? | Protein in a muscle fiber that forms the thin filaments that slide between thick filaments of the protein myosin, contracting muscle fibers. |
| What is the sliding filament model? | muscle contraction that includes all the actin/myosin interactions of sliding past one another. |
| What are skeletal muscle fibers? | A single cell that contracts in response to stimulation and then relaxes when stimulation ends. |
| What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? | Membranous network of channels and tubules within the muscle fibers cooresponding to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells. |
| What is a myofilament? | Thick filaments composed of the thick protein myosin and the thin filaments actin. |
| What is a sarcoemere? | The functional unit of muscle contract creates striation of skeletal muscle. |
| What is a sarcolemma? | The outter membrane of a muscle cell. |
| What is a myofibril? | Contractile fibers in striated muscle that lay parallel to one another. |
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Jkel130
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