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Chapter 10
Respiration and Artificial Ventilation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alveolar ventilation | the amount of air that reaches the alveoli |
| artificial ventilation | forcing air or oxygen into the lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has inadequate breathing. also called positive pressure ventilation |
| automatic transport ventilator | a device that provides positive pressure ventilations. it includes settings designed to adjust ventilation rate and volume, is portable and is easily carried on an ambulance |
| bag-valve mask | a handheld device with a face mask and self-refilling bag that can be squeezed to provide artificial ventilations to a patient. it can deliver air from the atmosphere or oxygen from a supplemental oxygen supply system |
| cellular respiration | the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and circulating blood |
| cyanosis | a blue or gray color resulting from lack of oxygen in the body |
| diffusion | a process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| flowmeter | a valve that indicates the flow of oxygen in liters per minute |
| flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device | a device that uses oxygen under pressure to deliver artificial ventilations. its trigger is placed so the rescuer can operate it while still using both hands to maintain a seal on the face mask |
| humidifier | a device connected to the flowmeter to add moisture to the dry oxygen coming from an oxygen cylinder |
| hypoxia | an insufficiency of oxygen in the body's tissue |
| nasal cannula | a device that delivers low concentrations of oxygen through two prongs that rest in the patient's nostrils |
| nonrebreather mask | a face mask and reservoir bad device that delivers high concentrations of oxygen. the patient's exhaled air escapes through a valve and is not rebreathed |
| oxygen cylinder | a cylinder filled with oxygen under pressure |
| partial rebreather mask | a face mask and reservoir oxygen bag with no one-way valve to the reservoir bag so some exhaled air mixes with the oxygen; used in some patients to help preserve carbon dioxide levels in the blood to stimulate breathing |
| pocket face mask | a device usually with a one-way valve, to aid in artificial ventilation. a rescuer breathes through the valve when the mask is placed over the patient's face. it acts as a barrier to prevent contact with a patient's breath or body fluids |
| pressure regulator | a device connected to an oxygen cylinder to reduce cylinder pressure so it is safe for delivery of oxygen to a patient |
| pulmonary respiration | the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and circulating blood in the pulmonary capillaries |
| respiration | the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood and between the blood and the cells. also used to mean, simply, breathing |
| respiratory arrest | when breathing completely stops |
| respiratory distress | increased work of breathing; a sensation of shortness of breath |
| respiratory failure | the reduction of breathing to the point where oxygen intake is not sufficient to support life |
| stoma | a permanent surgical opening in the neck through which the patient breathes |
| tracheostomy mask | a device designed to be placed over a stoma or tracheostomy tube to provide supplemental oxygen |
| ventilation | breathing in and out, or artificial provision of breaths |
| Venturi mask | a face mask and reservoir bag device that delivers specific concentrations of oxygen by mixing oxygen with inhaled air |
| What is an normal tidal volume? | 5-7 mL per kg of body weight |
| hypercapnia | high levels of carbon dioxide |
| What do chemoreceptors do? | detect levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the cardiovascular system |
| What is the appropriate intervention for adequate breathing? | oxygen by a nonrebreather mask or nasal cannula |
| What is the appropriate intervention for inadequate breathing/respiratory failure? | assisted ventilations with a bag-valve mask |
| What is the appropriate intervention for respiratory arrest? | artificial ventilations with bag-valve mask |
| What are the normal respiratory rates for an adult? | 12-20 breathes per minute |
| What are the normal respiratory rates for a child? | 15-30 breathes per minute |
| What are the normal respiratory rates for an infant? | 25-50 breathes per minute |
| What are the signs of hypoxia? | cyanosis and altered mental status |
| What are the negative side effects of positive pressure ventilation? | decreasing cardiac output, gastric distention, and hyperventilation |
| Which BVM mask is used for stoma ventilation? | a pediatric sized mask |
| How many liters of oxygen does a D cylinder contain? | 350 liters |
| How many liters of oxygen does a E cylinder contain? | 625 liters |
| How many liters of oxygen does a M cylinder contain? | 3,000 liters |
| How many liters of oxygen does a G cylinder contain? | 5,300 liters |
| How many liters of oxygen does a H cylinder contain? | 6,900 liters |
| What is the cylinder constant for a D cylinder? | 0.16 |
| What is the cylinder constant for a E cylinder? | 0.28 |
| What is the cylinder constant for a M cylinder? | 1.56 |
| What is the cylinder constant for a G cylinder? | 2.41 |
| What is the cylinder constant for a H cylinder? | 3.14 |
| What is the cylinder constant for a K cylinder? | 3.14 |
| What is the formula for duration of flow in minutes? | gauge pressure minus the safe residual pressure (always 200) times the constant divided by the flow rate in liters per minute |
| What is a safe working pressure for a patient? | 30 - 70 psi |
| What are the flow rates for oxygen delivery devices? | nonrebreather mask - 12-15 lpm at 80-90 percent oxygen; nasal cannula - 1-6 lpm at 24-44 percent oxygen; partial rebreather mask - 9-10 lpm at 40-60 percent oxygen; tracheostomy mask - 8-10 lpm at varying oxygen levels |
Created by:
caitlyncrum
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