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Unit 4
AP Biology Unit 4 Vocabulary - Rebancos
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Target Cell | Cells that are receptive to a secreted hormone. This cell has a receptor that can bind the ligand. The ligand binds to the receptor and triggers a signaling cascade (response). It has a receptor protein that recognizes the signal molecule |
| Ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one |
| Phosphorylation | A biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound. |
| Receptor Protein | Meant to recognize and bind to specific substances outside of the cell. They bind signaling molecules known as first messengers, or ligands. They can initiate a signaling cascade, or chemical response. |
| Secondary Messenger | A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule ion, such as a calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein |
| Signal Amplification | An increase in the intensity of a signal through networks of intracellular reactions, is considered one of the essential properties in many cell signalling pathways. |
| Signal Transduction | The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response. |
| Response | 1) In cellular communication, the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by transduced signal from outside a cell. 2) In feedback regulation, a physiological activity triggered by a change in a variable. |
| Feedback | A response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. |
| Negative Feedback | A loop when the product of a reaction leads to a decrease in that reaction. In this way, the loop brings a system closer to a target of stability or homeostasis. |
| Positive Feedback | A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change |
| Asexual Reproduction | The gen. of offspring from single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent |
| Cell Cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. The eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of interphase. |
| Interphase | The phase of the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During this stage, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. It is 90% of the cell cycle |
| Mitosis | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
| Cancer | An abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases, to metastasize |
| Cyclin | A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle. |
Created by:
KatrinaRebancos
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