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AP Biology Unit 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Target Cell | Target cells are cells that are receptive to a secreted hormone. Target cell activation is. dependent on three factors; the hormone levels in the blood, the receptor levels on the target cell, and hormone–receptor affinity. |
| Ligand | A ligand is an ion or molecule, which donates a pair of electrons to the central metal atom or ion to form a coordination complex |
| Phosphorylation | phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group. This process and its inverse, dephosphorylation, are critical for many cellular processes in biology. |
| Receptor Protein | Receptor proteins are proteins imbedded in the cell membrane These receptor proteins, are specific so they only work with certain substances. A receptor protein is meant to recognize and bind to specific substances outside of the cell. |
| Secondary Messenger | Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers |
| Signal Amplification | Signal amplification The use of specific detection methodologies to directly increase the signal in proportion to the amount of target in the reaction. Examples include the use of branched DNA probes that contain a reporter group or enzyme amplification. |
| Signal Transduction | Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response. |
| Response | any behavior of a living organism that results from an external or internal stimulus. |
| Feedback | Feedback, in biology, a response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. In essence, it is the control of a biological reaction by the end products of that reaction. |
| Negative Feedback | the diminution or counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it, as when a high level of a particular hormone in the blood may inhibit further secretion of that hormone |
| Positive Feedback | the enhancement or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to it. |
| Asexual Reproduction | Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. |
| Cell Cycle | A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. A cell spends most of its time in what is called interphase, and during this time it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. |
| Interphase | the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis. |
| Mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. |
| Cancer | An abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases, to metastasize |
| Cyclin | any of a number of proteins associated with the cycle of cell division which are thought to initiate certain processes of mitosis. |
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