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Unit 4

AP Biology Unit 4 Vocabulary

TermDefinition
Target Cell target cell - any cell that has a specific receptor for an antigen or antibody or hormone or drug, or is the focus of contact by a virus or phagocyte or nerve fiber etc.
Ligand something that binds with a biological molecule to form a complex and produce some effect. In neuroscience, ligand frequently refers to substances that bind to receptors.
Phosphorylation Phosphorylation: A biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound. Examples include the addition of phosphate to glucose to produce glucose monophosphate and the addition of phosphate to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to f
Receptor Protein Receptor proteins are proteins imbedded in the cell membrane (Check out the picture below). These proteins span across the membrane, so part of it is sticking out of the cell and part of it is inside of the cell. ... A receptor protein is meant to recogni
Secondary Messenger Second messenger, molecule inside cells that acts to transmit signals from a receptor to a target. ... In addition, second messengers can have multiple downstream targets, thereby expanding the scope of signal transmission.
Signal Amplification The amplification of signals, defined as an increase in the intensity of a signal through networks of intracellular reactions, is considered one of the essential properties in many cell signalling pathways
Signal Transduction Signal transduction (also known as cell signaling) is the transmission of molecular signals from a cell's exterior to its interior. Signals received by cells must be transmitted effectively into the cell to ensure an appropriate response. This step is ini
Response A response is a change in the organism resulting from the detection of a stimulus
Feedback Feedback, in biology, a response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. In essence, it is the control of a biological reaction by the end products of that reaction.
Negative Feedback Negative feedback involves a response that is the reverse of the change detected (it functions to reduce the change) A change is detected by a receptor and an effector is activated to induce an opposite effect – this promotes equilibrium.
Positive Feedback Positive feedback occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly. Negative feedback occurs to reduce the change or output: the result of a reaction is reduced to bring the system back to a stab
Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction does not involve sex cells or fertilisation . Only one parent is required, unlike sexual reproduction which needs two parents. Since there is only one parent, there is no fusion of gametes and no mixing of genetic information.
Cell Cycle A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. ... The cell then leaves interphase, undergoes mitosis, and completes its division. The resulting cells, known as daughter cells, each enter their own interphase and be
Interphase the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.
Mitosis Mitosis, a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells. Strictly applied, the term mitosis is used to describe the duplication and distribution of chromosomes, the structures t
Cancer Cancer: An abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases, to metastasize (spread). Cancer is not one disease. It is a group of more than 100 different and distinctive diseases. Cancer can involve any tissue o
Cyclin Cyclins drive the events of the cell cycle by partnering with a family of enzymes called the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). A lone Cdk is inactive, but the binding of a cyclin activates it, making it a functional enzyme and allowing it to modify target
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